PBTWiki - User contributions [en]

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2018/Feb21

2018-02-24T01:23:56Z

DanWalker: /* Beam Tests */

Beam tests of the single module with PRaVDA CMOS pixel sensors (PRIAPUS) at the Birmingham Cyclotron with a 36 MeV beam.

== Equipment List ==

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: center;" | Item
! style="text-align: center;" | Notes
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Single Module Scintillator Block
| style="text-align: center;" | Optical gel required to couple Scintillator to PMT
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Photomultiplier Tube
| style="text-align: center;" | (Hamamatsu 2"?)
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Portable Enclosure
| style="text-align: center;" | Modified Peli 1510 Waterproof Wheeled Equipment Case. 
230 x 555 x 350mm 
Features mount for scintillator and PMT, opening for beam, and ports for SHV, BNC, and SMA cables. 
Requires a window (paper? Mylar? tape?) to ensure the opening for the beam is light-tight.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | LeCroy HDO6104 Oscilloscope
| style="text-align: center;" | Records PMT output
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | DAQ Laptop
| style="text-align: center;" | Records HV output / Controls Caen HV supply
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Caen NDT1470 HV Supply
| style="text-align: center;" | Supplies HV to PMT
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Control Laptop x 2
| style="text-align: center;" | One each for Remote Desktop control of LeCroy Oscilloscope and DAQ Laptop.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Network Hub x 2
| style="text-align: center;" | One for the experimental room for the LeCroy HDO6104 and DAQ Laptop to connect to,
one for the control room for each of the Control Laptops to connect to.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Ethernet Cable x 4
| style="text-align: center;" | To connect each control laptop, the LeCroy HDO6104 and DAQ Laptop to their respective network hubs.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Ethernet Cable
| style="text-align: center;" | To connect the two Network Hubs and complete the network for controlling DAQ equipment from the control room.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | SMA (female) to BNC (male) Cable
| style="text-align: center;" | Signal from enclosure port to LeCroy Oscilloscope
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | SHV Cable
| style="text-align: center;" | HV supply from experimental room to enclosure port
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | USB Cable
| style="text-align: center;" | Caen HV unit to DAQ Laptop
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Gloves
| style="text-align: center;" | For handling scintillator
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Optical gel
| style="text-align: center;" | For coupling scintillator to PMT
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Wipes
| style="text-align: center;" | For removing optical gel
|}

== Beam Tests ==

Calorimeter files currently located at /unix/pbt/users/dwalker/data/birm_21.02.18 on UCL HEP plus1 server.

PMT Current at HV supply -900 V, beam off: 150 μA

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: center;" | Run Number
! style="text-align: center;" | High Voltage (V)
! style="text-align: center;" | Scope Trigger (self trigger, negative edge, mV)
! style="text-align: center;" | Target Beam Current / Rate
! style="text-align: center;" | Collimator
! style="text-align: center;" | Calorimeter Files
! style="text-align: center;" | Tracker Files
! style="text-align: center;" | Notes
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 00
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -100
| style="text-align: center;" | ~10 kHz
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run00_2mmCol_160pA_trig100mV
| style="text-align: center;" | --
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 01
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 160 pA / ~10 kHz
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run01_2mmCol_160pA_trig140mV
| style="text-align: center;" | 2mmCol_160pA_30s_Run1
| style="text-align: center;" | Actual beam current rose to 240 pA then 270 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 02
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -70
| style="text-align: center;" | 260 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run02_2mmCol_260pA_trig70mV
| style="text-align: center;" | 2mmCol_260pA_30s_Run2
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 03
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -40
| style="text-align: center;" | 260 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run03_2mmCol_260pA_trig40mV
| style="text-align: center;" | 2mmCol_260pA_30s_Run3
| style="text-align: center;" | Beam current ~160 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 04
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 1 nA
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run04_2mmCol_1nA_trig140mV
| style="text-align: center;" | 2mmCol_1nA_30s_Run4
| style="text-align: center;" | Beam current ~1.2 nA
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | Test: HV reduced to -800 V, lights on, no increase in PMT current. Lights off for further beam runs.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 05
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 220 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run05_2mmCol_220pA_trig140mV_1mmPE
| style="text-align: center;" | 2mmCol_220pA_30s_Run5
| style="text-align: center;" | 1 mm polyethylene cover on collimator
Beam current rose to ~260 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 06
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 160 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run06_2mmCol_160pA_trig140mV_1mmPE
| style="text-align: center;" | 2mmCol_160pA_30s_Run6
| style="text-align: center;" | 1 mm polyethylene cover on collimator
Beam current rose to ~230 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 07
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 10 pA / ~30 kHz
| style="text-align: center;" | 5 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run07_5mmCol_10pA_trig140mV
| style="text-align: center;" | 5mmCol_10pA_30s_Run7
| style="text-align: center;" | No polyethylene
Beam current rose to ~30 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 08
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 10 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 5 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run08_5mmCol_10pA_trig140mV
| style="text-align: center;" | 5mmCol_10pA_30s_Run8
| style="text-align: center;" | Repeat run for run 07
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 09
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 10 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 5 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run09_5mmCol_10pA_trig140mV_1mmPE
| style="text-align: center;" | 5mmCol_10pA_30s_Run9
| style="text-align: center;" | 1 mm polyethylene cover on collimator
Beam spot moved - polyethylene cover slipped, 'cyclops' beam
Beam current ~8 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 10
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 10 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 5 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run10_5mmCol_10pA_trig140mV_1mmPE
| style="text-align: center;" | 5mmCol_10pA_30s_Run10
| style="text-align: center;" | Repeat run for run 09
Peak beam current 15 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 11
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 10 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 5 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run11_5mmCol_10pA_trig140mV_1mmPE_HalfCover
| style="text-align: center;" | 5mmCol_10pA_30s_Run11
| style="text-align: center;" | 1 mm polyethylene half-cover on collimator
Beam current ~8 pA
|}

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2018/Feb21

2018-02-23T23:48:31Z

DanWalker: Added info on data collected at the test beam

Beam tests of the single module with PRaVDA CMOS pixel sensors (PRIAPUS) at the Birmingham Cyclotron with a 36 MeV beam.

== Equipment List ==

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: center;" | Item
! style="text-align: center;" | Notes
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Single Module Scintillator Block
| style="text-align: center;" | Optical gel required to couple Scintillator to PMT
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Photomultiplier Tube
| style="text-align: center;" | (Hamamatsu 2"?)
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Portable Enclosure
| style="text-align: center;" | Modified Peli 1510 Waterproof Wheeled Equipment Case. 
230 x 555 x 350mm 
Features mount for scintillator and PMT, opening for beam, and ports for SHV, BNC, and SMA cables. 
Requires a window (paper? Mylar? tape?) to ensure the opening for the beam is light-tight.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | LeCroy HDO6104 Oscilloscope
| style="text-align: center;" | Records PMT output
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | DAQ Laptop
| style="text-align: center;" | Records HV output / Controls Caen HV supply
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Caen NDT1470 HV Supply
| style="text-align: center;" | Supplies HV to PMT
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Control Laptop x 2
| style="text-align: center;" | One each for Remote Desktop control of LeCroy Oscilloscope and DAQ Laptop.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Network Hub x 2
| style="text-align: center;" | One for the experimental room for the LeCroy HDO6104 and DAQ Laptop to connect to,
one for the control room for each of the Control Laptops to connect to.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Ethernet Cable x 4
| style="text-align: center;" | To connect each control laptop, the LeCroy HDO6104 and DAQ Laptop to their respective network hubs.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Ethernet Cable
| style="text-align: center;" | To connect the two Network Hubs and complete the network for controlling DAQ equipment from the control room.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | SMA (female) to BNC (male) Cable
| style="text-align: center;" | Signal from enclosure port to LeCroy Oscilloscope
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | SHV Cable
| style="text-align: center;" | HV supply from experimental room to enclosure port
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | USB Cable
| style="text-align: center;" | Caen HV unit to DAQ Laptop
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Gloves
| style="text-align: center;" | For handling scintillator
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Optical gel
| style="text-align: center;" | For coupling scintillator to PMT
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Wipes
| style="text-align: center;" | For removing optical gel
|}

== Beam Tests ==

Calorimeter files currently located at /unix/pbt/users/dwalker/data/birm_21.02.18 on UCL HEP plus1 server.

PMT Current at HV supply -900 V, beam off: 150 μA

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: center;" | Run Number
! style="text-align: center;" | High Voltage (V)
! style="text-align: center;" | Scope Trigger (self trigger, negative edge, mV)
! style="text-align: center;" | Target Beam Current / Rate
! style="text-align: center;" | Collimator
! style="text-align: center;" | Calorimeter Files
! style="text-align: center;" | Tracker Files
! style="text-align: center;" | Notes
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 00
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -100
| style="text-align: center;" | ~10 kHz
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run00_2mmCol_160pA_trig100mV
| style="text-align: center;" | --
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 01
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 160 pA / ~10 kHz
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run01_2mmCol_160pA_trig140mV
| style="text-align: center;" | 2mmCol_160pA_30s_Run1
| style="text-align: center;" | Actual beam current rose to 240 pA then 270 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 02
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -70
| style="text-align: center;" | 260 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run02_2mmCol_260pA_trig70mV
| style="text-align: center;" | 2mmCol_260pA_30s_Run2
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 03
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -40
| style="text-align: center;" | 260 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run03_2mmCol_260pA_trig40mV
| style="text-align: center;" | 2mmCol_260pA_30s_Run3
| style="text-align: center;" | Beam current more 160 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 04
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 1 nA
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run04_2mmCol_1nA_trig140mV
| style="text-align: center;" | 2mmCol_1nA_30s_Run4
| style="text-align: center;" | Beam current more like 1.2 nA
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | Test: HV reduced to -800 V, lights on, no increase in PMT current. Lights off for further beam runs.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 05
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 220 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run05_2mmCol_220pA_trig140mV_1mmPE
| style="text-align: center;" | 2mmCol_220pA_30s_Run5
| style="text-align: center;" | 1 mm polyethylene cover on collimator
Beam current rose to ~260 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 06
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 160 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run06_2mmCol_160pA_trig140mV_1mmPE
| style="text-align: center;" | 2mmCol_160pA_30s_Run6
| style="text-align: center;" | 1 mm polyethylene cover on collimator
Beam current rose to ~230 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 07
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 10 pA / ~30 kHz
| style="text-align: center;" | 5 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run07_5mmCol_10pA_trig140mV
| style="text-align: center;" | 5mmCol_10pA_30s_Run7
| style="text-align: center;" | No polyethylene
Beam current rose to ~30 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 08
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 10 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 5 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run08_5mmCol_10pA_trig140mV
| style="text-align: center;" | 5mmCol_10pA_30s_Run8
| style="text-align: center;" | Repeat run for run 07
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 09
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 10 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 5 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run09_5mmCol_10pA_trig140mV_1mmPE
| style="text-align: center;" | 5mmCol_10pA_30s_Run9
| style="text-align: center;" | 1 mm polyethylene cover on collimator
Beam spot moved - polyethylene cover slipped, 'cyclops' beam
Beam current more like 8 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 10
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 10 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 5 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run10_5mmCol_10pA_trig140mV_1mmPE
| style="text-align: center;" | 5mmCol_10pA_30s_Run10
| style="text-align: center;" | Repeat run for run 09
Peak current 15 pA
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 11
| style="text-align: center;" | -900
| style="text-align: center;" | -140
| style="text-align: center;" | 10 pA
| style="text-align: center;" | 5 mm
| style="text-align: center;" | run11_5mmCol_10pA_trig140mV_1mmPE_HalfCover
| style="text-align: center;" | 5mmCol_10pA_30s_Run11
| style="text-align: center;" | 1 mm polyethylene half-cover on collimator
Beam current more like 8 pA
|}

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2018/Feb21

2018-02-19T17:40:48Z

DanWalker: /* Equipment List */

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2018/Feb21

2018-02-19T17:39:14Z

DanWalker: /* Equipment List */

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2018/Feb21

2018-02-19T17:38:59Z

DanWalker: /* Equipment List */

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2018/Feb21

2018-02-19T17:36:36Z

DanWalker: /* Equipment List */ More corrections

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2018/Feb21

2018-02-19T17:34:39Z

DanWalker: /* Equipment List */ Corrected some misunderstandings!

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2018/Feb21

2018-02-16T19:04:06Z

DanWalker: /* Equipment List */

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2018/Feb21

2018-02-16T19:00:11Z

DanWalker: /* Equipment List */ Added first-pass account of equipment

Proton Calorimetry/Equipment

2018-02-02T15:36:01Z

DanWalker: /* Working with LeCroy Scope Trace Files in ROOT using the LeCroyData Class */

This page contains information on the various pieces of experimental equipment that form the Proton Calorimetry detector setup.

== [[/Caen Detector Emulator|Caen Detector Emulator]] ==

The [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?idmod=837&parent=59 Caen DT5800D Detector Emulator] provides the capability for emulating the output of an arbitrary detector system.

More details can be found on the [[/Caen Detector Emulator|Caen Detector Emulator]] page.

== [[/Nikon DSLR|Nikon D70 DSLR]] ==

A [https://www.nikonusa.com/en/nikon-products/product-archive/dslr-cameras/d70.html Nikon D70 DSLR] was borrowed from Adam Gibson in Medical Physics to allow remote acquisition of scintillator images.

More details can be found on the [[/Nikon DSLR|Nikon D70 DSLR]] page.

== LeCroy Scope Trace Conversion: Binary to ASCII ==

To convert .trc binary data to .txt data that is formatted similarly to the output files from a CAEN DT5751 digitiser:

# Copy contents of <code>/unix/pbt/aknoetze/ConversionScripts</code> to a new directory.
# Open <code>trc2txt.py</code> in a text editor.
## Change path to directory containing .trc data files by editing variable <code>dirpath</code>
## Change number of decimal points for each column by editing: <code>np.savetxt(..., fmt=‘...’,...)</code>
# Run <code>trc2txt.py</code>

Converted .txt files will be in the copied directory <code>NEWASCII</code>. These new files will possess the same file names as the original .txt files.

To concatenate the new data files together into one single file, while in the directory <code>NEWASCII</code>,type:

<pre>
cat *.txt > OutputFileName.txt
</pre>

== Working with LeCroy Scope Trace Files in ROOT using the LeCroyData Class ==

The LeCroyData class is defined in <code>SimpleLeCroyRoutines.C</code>, which can be found at <code>/unix/pbt/users/dwalker/LeCroy</code>.
The class is intended for use in interactive ROOT sessions, but can be used in compiled ROOT applets. Its public methods and their use are summarised below:

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width: 25%" | Method Signature
! style="width: 40%" | Notes
! Example
|-
| <code>LeCroyData::LeCroyData(std::string fileName);</code>
| Constructor for the LeCroyData class. The string fileName must be a fully qualified path from the current working directory to the LeCroy binary format file to be loaded.
| <code>
//Instantiating a new LeCroyData object

LeCroyData* lcd = new LeCroyData("../data/aug16/lecroy/C1Trace00000.trc");
</code>
|-
| <code>int LeCroyData::getAcqCount();</code>
| Returns the number of acquisitions recorded in the file.
| rowspan="2" | <code>
//Printing every trigger time in a LeCroy binary file

LeCroyData lcd("C1Trace00037.trc");

int n = lcd.getAcqCount();

for(int i = 0; i<n; i++){

std::cout.flush()<<lcd.getTriggerArray()[i]<<std::endl;

}

</code>
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getTriggerArray();</code>
| Returns a C-style array containing the time in ns at which each acquisition in the file was triggered, relative to the first trigger.
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getOffsetArray();</code>
| Returns a C-style array containing the time in ns between the start of each acquisition and the time of the trigger for that acquisition.
|
|-
| <code>int LeCroyData::getPointsPerAcq();</code>
| Returns the number of data points (voltage / time pairs) recorded in each acquisition in the file.
| rowspan="3" | <code>
//Plotting a single acquisition using ROOT's TGraph class

LeCroyData lcd("C1Trace00000.trc");

int acquisitionNumber = 0;

double* x = lcd.getAcqTime(acquisitionNumber);

double* y = lcd.getAcqWave(acquisitionNumber);

int n = lcd.getPointsPerAcq();

TGraph* gr = new TGraph(n, x, y);

gr->Draw();
</code>
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getAcqWave(int segment);</code>
| Returns a C-style array of doubles. The array contains the voltages recorded by the scope in an acquisition with index "segment", which runs from zero to the number of acquisitions in the file.
|
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getAcqTime(int segment);</code>
| Returns a C-style array of doubles. The array contains the time in ns of each data point in the acquisition indexed by "segment", relative to the trigger for that acquisition.
|
|-
| <code>string LeCroyData::getTimestamp();</code>
| Returns a string describing the timestamp for the file as a date and a clock time. This time corresponds to the first trigger in the file and takes the format "d/m/yyyy @ hh:mm:ss.ssss".
|
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getSpectrum();</code>
| Returns a C-style array of doubles, where each entry is the ADC Counts calculated for an event.
|rowspan="2"|
<code>
//Create and display a histogram of the ADC Counts of pulses in a file

LeCroyData* lcd = new LeCroyData("C1Trace00000.trc");

TH1D* hist = new TH1D("hist", "LeCroyData Spectrum;ADC Counts;Number of Events", 350, 0, -1);

int n = lcd->getSpectrumSize();

double* s = lcd->getSpectrum();

for(int i = 0; i<n; i++){ hist->Fill(s[i]); }

hist->Draw();
</code>
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getSpectrumSize();</code>
| Returns the number of entries in <code>LeCroyData::getSpectrum()</code> (equal to the number of entries in <code>LeCroyData::getSpectrumTime()</code>) as an integer.
|
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getSpectrumTime();</code>
| Returns a C-style array of doubles, where each entry is the time in ns at which an event recorded in the spectrum occurred, with respect to the first trigger time in the file.
|
|}

Additional methods are being added to handle the generation of spectra and improve access to timing data.

== Manuals ==

Manuals for relevant detector hardware.

=== WaveCatcher ===

; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcherFamily_V1.2.pdf WaveCatcherFamily_V1.2.pdf] : Full description of the WaveCatcher Family hardware with paths to Control & Readout software and libraries. Covers the 2-channel and 8-channel WaveCatcher modules, the 16-Channel WaveCatcher board and module, and all the options of the 64-Channel WaveCatcher Crate (16, 32, 48 or 64 channels).
; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcher64Ch_Library_1.1.16.pdf WaveCatcher64Ch_Library_1.1.16.pdf] : Users manual for WaveCatcher64Ch Control and Readout Library
; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcherSoftware_V1.1.pdf WaveCatcherSoftware_V1.1.pdf] : User manual for the WaveCatcher Family Control & Readout software (Windows Only, includes scope-like GUI).

=== Caen ===

; [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?parent=14&idmod=632 DT5751 Product Page] : Caen product page for DT5751 2-4 Channel 10 bit 2/1 GS/s Digitizer.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=12555 DT5751 User Manual] : User manual for DT5751 2-4 Channel 10 bit 2/1 GS/s Digitizer.

; [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?parent=14&idmod=990 DT5740 Product Page] : Caen product page for DT5740 16/32-Channel 12 bit 62.5MS/s Digitizer supporting DPP-QDC firmware.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=11947 DT5740 User Manual] : User manual for the DT5740 Desktop 16/32-channel Desktop Digitizer, that also functions in QDC charge integration mode with the DPP-QDC firmware.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=11286 UM4874_DPP-QDC_UserManual] : User manual for the Digital Pulse Processing for Charge to Digital Converter DPP-QDC implemented exclusively for the "D" model of the 740 Digitizer series (740D).

Proton Calorimetry/Equipment

2018-01-24T15:02:40Z

DanWalker: /* Working with LeCroy Scope Trace Files in ROOT using the LeCroyData Class */

This page contains information on the various pieces of experimental equipment that form the Proton Calorimetry detector setup.

== [[/Caen Detector Emulator|Caen Detector Emulator]] ==

The [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?idmod=837&parent=59 Caen DT5800D Detector Emulator] provides the capability for emulating the output of an arbitrary detector system.

More details can be found on the [[/Caen Detector Emulator|Caen Detector Emulator]] page.

== LeCroy Scope Trace Conversion: Binary to ASCII ==

To convert .trc binary data to .txt data that is formatted similarly to the output files from a CAEN DT5751 digitiser:

# Copy contents of <code>/unix/pbt/aknoetze/ConversionScripts</code> to a new directory.
# Open <code>trc2txt.py</code> in a text editor.
## Change path to directory containing .trc data files by editing variable <code>dirpath</code>
## Change number of decimal points for each column by editing: <code>np.savetxt(..., fmt=‘...’,...)</code>
# Run <code>trc2txt.py</code>

Converted .txt files will be in the copied directory <code>NEWASCII</code>. These new files will possess the same file names as the original .txt files.

To concatenate the new data files together into one single file, while in the directory <code>NEWASCII</code>,type:

<pre>
cat *.txt > OutputFileName.txt
</pre>

== Working with LeCroy Scope Trace Files in ROOT using the LeCroyData Class ==

The LeCroyData class is defined in <code>SimpleLeCroyRoutines.C</code>, which can be found at <code>/unix/pbt/users/dwalker/LeCroy</code>.
The class is intended for use in interactive ROOT sessions, but can be used in compiled ROOT applets. Its public methods and their use are summarised below:

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width: 25%" | Method Signature
! style="width: 40%" | Notes
! Example
|-
| <code>LeCroyData::LeCroyData(std::string fileName);</code>
| Constructor for the LeCroyData class. The string fileName must be a fully qualified path from the current working directory to the LeCroy binary format file to be loaded.
| <code>
//Instantiating a new LeCroyData object

LeCroyData* lcd = new LeCroyData("../data/aug16/lecroy/C1Trace00000.trc");
</code>
|-
| <code>int LeCroyData::getAcqCount();</code>
| Returns the number of acquisitions recorded in the file.
| rowspan="2" | <code>
//Printing every trigger time in a LeCroy binary file

LeCroyData lcd("C1Trace00037.trc");

int n = lcd.getAcqCount();

for(int i = 0; i<n; i++){

std::cout.flush()<<lcd.getTriggerArray()[i]<<std::endl;

}

</code>
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getTriggerArray();</code>
| Returns a C-style array containing the time in ns at which each acquisition in the file was triggered, relative to the first trigger.
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getOffsetArray();</code>
| Returns a C-style array containing the time in ns between the start of each acquisition and the time of the trigger for that acquisition.
|
|-
| <code>int LeCroyData::getPointsPerAcq();</code>
| Returns the number of data points (voltage / time pairs) recorded in each acquisition in the file.
| rowspan="3" | <code>
//Plotting a single acquisition using ROOT's TGraph class

LeCroyData lcd("C1Trace00000.trc");

int acquisitionNumber = 0;

double* x = lcd.getAcqTime(acquisitionNumber);

double* y = lcd.getAcqWave(acquisitionNumber);

int n = lcd.getPointsPerAcq();

TGraph* gr = new TGraph(n, x, y);

gr->Draw();
</code>
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getAcqWave(int segment);</code>
| Returns a C-style array of doubles. The array contains the voltages recorded by the scope in an acquisition with index "segment", which runs from zero to the number of acquisitions in the file.
|
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getAcqTime(int segment);</code>
| Returns a C-style array of doubles. The array contains the time in ns of each data point in the acquisition indexed by "segment", relative to the trigger for that acquisition.
|
|-
| <code>string LeCroyData::getTimestamp();</code>
| Returns a string describing the timestamp for the file as a date and a clock time. This time corresponds to the first trigger in the file and takes the format "d/m/yyyy @ hh:mm:ss.ssss".
|
|}

Additional methods are being added to handle the generation of spectra and improve access to timing data.

== Manuals ==

Manuals for relevant detector hardware.

=== WaveCatcher ===

; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcherFamily_V1.2.pdf WaveCatcherFamily_V1.2.pdf] : Full description of the WaveCatcher Family hardware with paths to Control & Readout software and libraries. Covers the 2-channel and 8-channel WaveCatcher modules, the 16-Channel WaveCatcher board and module, and all the options of the 64-Channel WaveCatcher Crate (16, 32, 48 or 64 channels).
; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcher64Ch_Library_1.1.16.pdf WaveCatcher64Ch_Library_1.1.16.pdf] : Users manual for WaveCatcher64Ch Control and Readout Library
; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcherSoftware_V1.1.pdf WaveCatcherSoftware_V1.1.pdf] : User manual for the WaveCatcher Family Control & Readout software (Windows Only, includes scope-like GUI).

=== Caen ===

; [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?parent=14&idmod=632 DT5751 Product Page] : Caen product page for DT5751 2-4 Channel 10 bit 2/1 GS/s Digitizer.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=12555 DT5751 User Manual] : User manual for DT5751 2-4 Channel 10 bit 2/1 GS/s Digitizer.

; [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?parent=14&idmod=990 DT5740 Product Page] : Caen product page for DT5740 16/32-Channel 12 bit 62.5MS/s Digitizer supporting DPP-QDC firmware.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=11947 DT5740 User Manual] : User manual for the DT5740 Desktop 16/32-channel Desktop Digitizer, that also functions in QDC charge integration mode with the DPP-QDC firmware.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=11286 UM4874_DPP-QDC_UserManual] : User manual for the Digital Pulse Processing for Charge to Digital Converter DPP-QDC implemented exclusively for the "D" model of the 740 Digitizer series (740D).

Proton Calorimetry/Equipment

2018-01-24T14:58:00Z

DanWalker: /* Working with LeCroy Scope Trace Files in ROOT using the LeCroyData Class */

This page contains information on the various pieces of experimental equipment that form the Proton Calorimetry detector setup.

== [[/Caen Detector Emulator|Caen Detector Emulator]] ==

The [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?idmod=837&parent=59 Caen DT5800D Detector Emulator] provides the capability for emulating the output of an arbitrary detector system.

More details can be found on the [[/Caen Detector Emulator|Caen Detector Emulator]] page.

== LeCroy Scope Trace Conversion: Binary to ASCII ==

To convert .trc binary data to .txt data that is formatted similarly to the output files from a CAEN DT5751 digitiser:

# Copy contents of <code>/unix/pbt/aknoetze/ConversionScripts</code> to a new directory.
# Open <code>trc2txt.py</code> in a text editor.
## Change path to directory containing .trc data files by editing variable <code>dirpath</code>
## Change number of decimal points for each column by editing: <code>np.savetxt(..., fmt=‘...’,...)</code>
# Run <code>trc2txt.py</code>

Converted .txt files will be in the copied directory <code>NEWASCII</code>. These new files will possess the same file names as the original .txt files.

To concatenate the new data files together into one single file, while in the directory <code>NEWASCII</code>,type:

<pre>
cat *.txt > OutputFileName.txt
</pre>

== Working with LeCroy Scope Trace Files in ROOT using the LeCroyData Class ==

The LeCroyData class is defined in <code>SimpleLeCroyRoutines.C</code>, which can be found at <code>/unix/pbt/users/dwalker/LeCroy</code>.
The class is intended for use in interactive ROOT sessions, but can be used in compiled ROOT applets. Its public methods and their use are summarised below:

{| class="wikitable"
! Method Signature
! Notes
! Example
|-
| <code>LeCroyData::LeCroyData(std::string fileName);</code>
| Constructor for the LeCroyData class. The string fileName must be a fully qualified path from the current working directory to the LeCroy binary format file to be loaded.
| <code>
//Instantiating a new LeCroyData object

LeCroyData* lcd = new LeCroyData("../data/aug16/lecroy/C1Trace00000.trc");
</code>
|-
| <code>int LeCroyData::getAcqCount();</code>
| Returns the number of acquisitions recorded in the file.
| rowspan="2" | <code>
//Printing every trigger time in a LeCroy binary file

LeCroyData lcd("C1Trace00037.trc");

int n = lcd.getAcqCount();

for(int i = 0; i<n; i++){

std::cout.flush()<<lcd.getTriggerArray()[i]<<std::endl;

}

</code>
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getTriggerArray();</code>
| Returns a C-style array containing the time in ns at which each acquisition in the file was triggered, relative to the first trigger.
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getOffsetArray();</code>
| Returns a C-style array containing the time in ns between the start of each acquisition and the time of the trigger for that acquisition.
|
|-
| <code>int LeCroyData::getPointsPerAcq();</code>
| Returns the number of data points (voltage / time pairs) recorded in each acquisition in the file.
| rowspan="3" | <code>
//Plotting a single acquisition using ROOT's TGraph class

LeCroyData lcd("C1Trace00000.trc");

int acquisitionNumber = 0;

double* x = lcd.getAcqTime(acquisitionNumber);

double* y = lcd.getAcqWave(acquisitionNumber);

int n = lcd.getPointsPerAcq();

TGraph* gr = new TGraph(n, x, y);

gr->Draw();
</code>
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getAcqWave(int segment);</code>
| Returns a C-style array of doubles. The array contains the voltages recorded by the scope in an acquisition with index "segment", which runs from zero to the number of acquisitions in the file.
|
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getAcqTime(int segment);</code>
| Returns a C-style array of doubles. The array contains the time in ns of each data point in the acquisition indexed by "segment", relative to the trigger for that acquisition.
|
|-
| <code>string LeCroyData::getTimestamp();</code>
| Returns a string describing the timestamp for the file as a date and a clock time. This time corresponds to the first trigger in the file and takes the format "d/m/yyyy @ hh:mm:ss.ssss".
|
|}

Additional methods are being added to handle the generation of spectra and improve access to timing data.

== Manuals ==

Manuals for relevant detector hardware.

=== WaveCatcher ===

; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcherFamily_V1.2.pdf WaveCatcherFamily_V1.2.pdf] : Full description of the WaveCatcher Family hardware with paths to Control & Readout software and libraries. Covers the 2-channel and 8-channel WaveCatcher modules, the 16-Channel WaveCatcher board and module, and all the options of the 64-Channel WaveCatcher Crate (16, 32, 48 or 64 channels).
; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcher64Ch_Library_1.1.16.pdf WaveCatcher64Ch_Library_1.1.16.pdf] : Users manual for WaveCatcher64Ch Control and Readout Library
; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcherSoftware_V1.1.pdf WaveCatcherSoftware_V1.1.pdf] : User manual for the WaveCatcher Family Control & Readout software (Windows Only, includes scope-like GUI).

=== Caen ===

; [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?parent=14&idmod=632 DT5751 Product Page] : Caen product page for DT5751 2-4 Channel 10 bit 2/1 GS/s Digitizer.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=12555 DT5751 User Manual] : User manual for DT5751 2-4 Channel 10 bit 2/1 GS/s Digitizer.

; [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?parent=14&idmod=990 DT5740 Product Page] : Caen product page for DT5740 16/32-Channel 12 bit 62.5MS/s Digitizer supporting DPP-QDC firmware.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=11947 DT5740 User Manual] : User manual for the DT5740 Desktop 16/32-channel Desktop Digitizer, that also functions in QDC charge integration mode with the DPP-QDC firmware.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=11286 UM4874_DPP-QDC_UserManual] : User manual for the Digital Pulse Processing for Charge to Digital Converter DPP-QDC implemented exclusively for the "D" model of the 740 Digitizer series (740D).

Proton Calorimetry/Equipment

2018-01-24T01:14:53Z

DanWalker: /* Working with LeCroy Scope Trace Files in ROOT using the LeCroyData Class */

This page contains information on the various pieces of experimental equipment that form the Proton Calorimetry detector setup.

== [[/Caen Detector Emulator|Caen Detector Emulator]] ==

The [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?idmod=837&parent=59 Caen DT5800D Detector Emulator] provides the capability for emulating the output of an arbitrary detector system.

More details can be found on the [[/Caen Detector Emulator|Caen Detector Emulator]] page.

== LeCroy Scope Trace Conversion: Binary to ASCII ==

To convert .trc binary data to .txt data that is formatted similarly to the output files from a CAEN DT5751 digitiser:

# Copy contents of <code>/unix/pbt/aknoetze/ConversionScripts</code> to a new directory.
# Open <code>trc2txt.py</code> in a text editor.
## Change path to directory containing .trc data files by editing variable <code>dirpath</code>
## Change number of decimal points for each column by editing: <code>np.savetxt(..., fmt=‘...’,...)</code>
# Run <code>trc2txt.py</code>

Converted .txt files will be in the copied directory <code>NEWASCII</code>. These new files will possess the same file names as the original .txt files.

To concatenate the new data files together into one single file, while in the directory <code>NEWASCII</code>,type:

<pre>
cat *.txt > OutputFileName.txt
</pre>

== Working with LeCroy Scope Trace Files in ROOT using the LeCroyData Class ==

The LeCroyData class is defined in <code>SimpleLeCroyRoutines.C</code>, which can be found at <code>/unix/pbt/users/dwalker/LeCroy</code>.
The class is intended for use in interactive ROOT sessions, but can be used in compiled ROOT applets. Its public methods and their use are summarised below:

{| class="wikitable"
! Method Signature
! Notes
! Example
|-
| <code>LeCroyData::LeCroyData(std::string fileName);</code>
| Constructor for the LeCroyData class. The string fileName must be a fully qualified path from the current working directory to the LeCroy binary format file to be loaded.
| <code>
//Instantiating a new LeCroyData object

LeCroyData* lcd = new LeCroyData("../data/aug16/lecroy/C1Trace00000.trc");
</code>
|-
| <code>int LeCroyData::getAcqCount();</code>
| Returns the number of acquisitions recorded in the file.
| rowspan="2" | <code>
//Printing every trigger time in a LeCroy binary file

LeCroyData lcd("C1Trace00037.trc");

int n = lcd.getAcqCount();

for(int i = 0; i<n; i++){

std::cout.flush()<<lcd.getTriggerArray()[i]<<std::endl;

}

</code>
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getTriggerArray();</code>
| Returns a C-style array containing the time in ns at which each acquisition in the file was triggered, relative to the first trigger.
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getOffsetArray();</code>
| Returns a C-style array containing the time in ns between the start of each acquisition and the time of the trigger for that acquisition.
|
|-
| <code>int LeCroyData::getPointsPerAcq();</code>
| Returns the number of data points (voltage / time pairs) recorded in each acquisition in the file.
| <code>
//Plotting a single acquisition using ROOT's TGraph class

LeCroyData lcd("C1Trace00000.trc");

int acquisitionNumber = 0;

double* x = lcd.getAcqTime(acquisitionNumber);

double* y = lcd.getAcqWave(acquisitionNumber);

int n = lcd.getPointsPerAcq();

TGraph* gr = new TGraph(n, x, y);

gr->Draw();
</code>
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getAcqWave(int segment);</code>
| Returns a C-style array of doubles. The array contains the voltages recorded by the scope in an acquisition with index "segment", which runs from zero to the number of acquisitions in the file.
|
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getAcqTime(int segment);</code>
| Returns a C-style array of doubles. The array contains the time in ns of each data point in the acquisition indexed by "segment", relative to the trigger for that acquisition.
|
|-
| <code>string LeCroyData::getTimestamp();</code>
| Returns a string describing the timestamp for the file as a date and a clock time. This time corresponds to the first trigger in the file and takes the format "d/m/yyyy @ hh:mm:ss.ssss".
|
|}

Additional methods are being added to handle the generation of spectra and improve access to timing data.

== Manuals ==

Manuals for relevant detector hardware.

=== WaveCatcher ===

; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcherFamily_V1.2.pdf WaveCatcherFamily_V1.2.pdf] : Full description of the WaveCatcher Family hardware with paths to Control & Readout software and libraries. Covers the 2-channel and 8-channel WaveCatcher modules, the 16-Channel WaveCatcher board and module, and all the options of the 64-Channel WaveCatcher Crate (16, 32, 48 or 64 channels).
; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcher64Ch_Library_1.1.16.pdf WaveCatcher64Ch_Library_1.1.16.pdf] : Users manual for WaveCatcher64Ch Control and Readout Library
; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcherSoftware_V1.1.pdf WaveCatcherSoftware_V1.1.pdf] : User manual for the WaveCatcher Family Control & Readout software (Windows Only, includes scope-like GUI).

=== Caen ===

; [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?parent=14&idmod=632 DT5751 Product Page] : Caen product page for DT5751 2-4 Channel 10 bit 2/1 GS/s Digitizer.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=12555 DT5751 User Manual] : User manual for DT5751 2-4 Channel 10 bit 2/1 GS/s Digitizer.

; [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?parent=14&idmod=990 DT5740 Product Page] : Caen product page for DT5740 16/32-Channel 12 bit 62.5MS/s Digitizer supporting DPP-QDC firmware.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=11947 DT5740 User Manual] : User manual for the DT5740 Desktop 16/32-channel Desktop Digitizer, that also functions in QDC charge integration mode with the DPP-QDC firmware.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=11286 UM4874_DPP-QDC_UserManual] : User manual for the Digital Pulse Processing for Charge to Digital Converter DPP-QDC implemented exclusively for the "D" model of the 740 Digitizer series (740D).

Proton Calorimetry/Equipment

2018-01-24T00:16:49Z

DanWalker: Added a summary of all the parts of the LeCroyData class that are working and unlikely to be updated in the immediate future.

This page contains information on the various pieces of experimental equipment that form the Proton Calorimetry detector setup.

== [[/Caen Detector Emulator|Caen Detector Emulator]] ==

The [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?idmod=837&parent=59 Caen DT5800D Detector Emulator] provides the capability for emulating the output of an arbitrary detector system.

More details can be found on the [[/Caen Detector Emulator|Caen Detector Emulator]] page.

== LeCroy Scope Trace Conversion: Binary to ASCII ==

To convert .trc binary data to .txt data that is formatted similarly to the output files from a CAEN DT5751 digitiser:

# Copy contents of <code>/unix/pbt/aknoetze/ConversionScripts</code> to a new directory.
# Open <code>trc2txt.py</code> in a text editor.
## Change path to directory containing .trc data files by editing variable <code>dirpath</code>
## Change number of decimal points for each column by editing: <code>np.savetxt(..., fmt=‘...’,...)</code>
# Run <code>trc2txt.py</code>

Converted .txt files will be in the copied directory <code>NEWASCII</code>. These new files will possess the same file names as the original .txt files.

To concatenate the new data files together into one single file, while in the directory <code>NEWASCII</code>,type:

<pre>
cat *.txt > OutputFileName.txt
</pre>

== Working with LeCroy Scope Trace Files in ROOT using the LeCroyData Class ==

The LeCroyData class is defined in <code>SimpleLeCroyRoutines.C</code>, which can be found at <code>/unix/pbt/users/dwalker/LeCroy</code>.
The class is intended for use in interactive ROOT sessions, but can be used in compiled ROOT applets. Its public methods and their use are summarised below:

{| class="wikitable"
! Method Signature
! Notes
! Example
|-
| <code>LeCroyData::LeCroyData(std::string fileName);</code>
| Constructor for the LeCroyData class. The string fileName must be a fully qualified path from the current working directory to the LeCroy binary format file to be loaded.
| <code>
//Instantiating a new LeCroyData object

LeCroyData* lcd = new LeCroyData("../data/aug16/lecroy/C1Trace00000.trc");
</code>
|-
| <code>int LeCroyData::getAcqCount();</code>
| Returns the number of acquisitions recorded in the file.
| rowspan="2" | <code>
//Printing every trigger time in a LeCroy binary file

LeCroyData lcd("C1Trace00037.trc");

int n = lcd.getAcqCount();

for(int i = 0; i<n; i++){

std::cout.flush()<<lcd.getTriggerArray()[i]<<std::endl;

}

</code>
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getTriggerArray();</code>
| Returns a C-style array containing the time in ns at which each acquisition in the file was triggered, relative to the first trigger.
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getOffsetArray();</code>
| Returns a C-style array containing the time in ns between the start of each acquisition and the time of the trigger for that acquisition.
|
|-
| <code>int LeCroyData::getPointsPerAcq();</code>
| Returns the number of data points (voltage / time pairs) recorded in each acquisition in the file.
| <code>
//Plotting a single acquisition using ROOT's TGraph class

LeCroyData lcd("C1Trace00000.trc");

int acquisitionNumber = 0;

double* x = lcd.getAcqTime(acquisitionNumber);

double* y = lcd.getAcqWave(acquisitionNumber);

int n = lcd.getPointsPerAcq();

TGraph* gr = new TGraph(n, x, y);

gr->Draw();
</code>
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getAcqWave(int segment);</code>
| Returns a C-style array of doubles. The array contains the voltages recorded by the scope in an acquisition with index "segment", which runs from zero to the number of acquisitions in the file.
|
|-
| <code>double* LeCroyData::getAcqTime(int segment);</code>
| Returns a C-style array of doubles. The array contains the time in ns of each data point in the acquisition indexed by "segment", relative to the trigger for that acquisition.
|
|-
| <code>string LeCroyData::getTimestamp();</code>
| Returns a string describing the timestamp for the file as a date and a clock time.
|
|}

Additional methods are being added to handle the generation of spectra and improve access to timing data.

== Manuals ==

Manuals for relevant detector hardware.

=== WaveCatcher ===

; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcherFamily_V1.2.pdf WaveCatcherFamily_V1.2.pdf] : Full description of the WaveCatcher Family hardware with paths to Control & Readout software and libraries. Covers the 2-channel and 8-channel WaveCatcher modules, the 16-Channel WaveCatcher board and module, and all the options of the 64-Channel WaveCatcher Crate (16, 32, 48 or 64 channels).
; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcher64Ch_Library_1.1.16.pdf WaveCatcher64Ch_Library_1.1.16.pdf] : Users manual for WaveCatcher64Ch Control and Readout Library
; [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/pbt/wikiData/manuals/WaveCatcher/WaveCatcherSoftware_V1.1.pdf WaveCatcherSoftware_V1.1.pdf] : User manual for the WaveCatcher Family Control & Readout software (Windows Only, includes scope-like GUI).

=== Caen ===

; [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?parent=14&idmod=632 DT5751 Product Page] : Caen product page for DT5751 2-4 Channel 10 bit 2/1 GS/s Digitizer.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=12555 DT5751 User Manual] : User manual for DT5751 2-4 Channel 10 bit 2/1 GS/s Digitizer.

; [http://www.caen.it/csite/CaenProd.jsp?parent=14&idmod=990 DT5740 Product Page] : Caen product page for DT5740 16/32-Channel 12 bit 62.5MS/s Digitizer supporting DPP-QDC firmware.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=11947 DT5740 User Manual] : User manual for the DT5740 Desktop 16/32-channel Desktop Digitizer, that also functions in QDC charge integration mode with the DPP-QDC firmware.
; [http://www.caen.it/servlet/checkCaenManualFile?Id=11286 UM4874_DPP-QDC_UserManual] : User manual for the Digital Pulse Processing for Charge to Digital Converter DPP-QDC implemented exclusively for the "D" model of the 740 Digitizer series (740D).

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2013/Dec9-10

2017-08-02T17:42:34Z

DanWalker: /* Intensity Change by Phase */

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

__TOC__

=09/12/13=

Cables:
*HV:
**1 (RF1) to Main PMT +ve
**3 (RN7) to DeltaE PMT -ve
*Signal
**LF6 620 - Main PMT
**LN7 1720 DeltaE PMT / Discriminator

Distance between beam and scintillator face: 30 cm from edge of collimator

Dark Rate: Main PMT

{|class="wikitable"
!Voltage (V)
!Threshold (mV)
!Rate + Additional Information
|-
| 1200 || 76 ||
*Rate: ~100 Hz
|-
| 1000 || 76 ||
*Amplitude: ~200 mV, after some time 300-400 mV
*Rate: ~25-30 Hz
|-
| 900 || 76 ||
*Amplitude: 500-600 mV
|-
| 800 || ||
*Amplitude: 300-400 mV
|}

Dark Rate: DeltaE PMT

{|class="wikitable"
!Voltage (V)
!Threshold (mV)
!Rate + Additional Information
|-
| -2000 || ||
*Amplitude: ~140-160 mV
*Discriminator pulse: ~1 V
*Small petal, number 2
|-
| -1800 || ||
*Amplitude: ~380 mV
*Rate from direct signal: ~2 Hz
*Rate from discriminator: ~2 Hz
|}

*1000 V, 80 mV signal, 20 Hz before beam switches on
*Beam switch on: Nothing above background rate

Beam on: 14:50, Monday 9th
*60 MeV beam, 2 mm collimator, very low dose, 25.8 MHz frequency of cyclotron
*Rate: 50-300 Hz for 100 events (switches between the two)
*Amplitude: 1.5 V over 16 pulses
*Rise time: ~5-6 ns

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V) !! Charge Sensitivity (fC/LSB) + Other Information !! File
|-
| 1000 || 160 || selftrigger_1000V_160fc_001
|}

*Take high voltage down to 800 V:
**Amplitude: 500 mV over 16 pulses
**Rate: ~150 Hz for 1000 events (80 mV threshold) at 800 V (after beam off and on)
**Recorded at selftrigger_800V_160fc_002

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V) !! Charge Sensitivity (fC/LSB) + Other Information !! File
|-
| 800 || 80 || selftrigger_800V_80fc_004
|-
| 800 || 40 || selftrigger_800V_40fc_005
|-
| 800 || 20 || selftrigger_800V_20fc_006
|-
| 800 || 20
*83 second run
| selftrigger_800V_20fc_83s_007
|-
| 800 || 20
*100 second run
| ST_800V_20fc_008
|}

Peak at ~9240 ADC

{|class="wikitable"
! High Voltage (V) !! Rate !! Collimator !! File !! Comments
|-
| 800 || 3.2-4.6 seconds for 1000 events || 4 mm || ST_800V_20fc_013 || Rate ~50-60% higher than with 2 mm collimator
|-
| 800 || ~5 kHz || 10 mm || ST_800V_20fc_014 ||
|-
| 800 || ~1 kHz || 7 mm || ST_800V_20fc_015 || Rate drops down to 300 Hz occasionally
|-
| 800 || 6.5-7 seconds for 1000 events || 2 mm ||
*ST_800V_20fc_016
*ST_800V_20fc_017
*ST_800V_20fc_018
|}

*Increase current on source (previous V = 200 V)
** Rate: 0.2-1.8 s for 1000 events
**Open gas slightly (to ~5-6): 1-2 s for 1000 events
***High gas: HG_019
***Reduce dose: HD_020

10 mm lower peak:
*Mean: 11700
*σ: 434.4

10 mm upper peak:
*Mean: 21080
*σ: 1067

=10/12/2013=

Notes:
*Cloth off from this point
*HV: 800 V, -80 mV threshold
*Dark current with cloth (lights off): ~4 Hz
*Dark current with no cloth (lights off): ~3.8 Hz

5 minute run:
*No cloth
*2 mm collimator
*20 fC/LSB
*Beam on: 7s for 1000 events
* ST_800V_20fc_noC_023

Increase intensity (same collimator): 0.2 cc of gas per minute
*Rate: 2-4 s for 1000 frames
*ST_800V_20fc_2to4_024

*0.4 cc of gas: no change
*0.5 cc of gas: rate decreases
*0.7 cc of gas: 5 s for 1000 frames
*0.7 cc of gas, tweaked arc current: 1 s to 3 s for 1000 frames
*0.9 cc of gas, 0 arc current: 2 s to 6 s for 1000 frames
*0.9 cc of gas, 1/4 turn of arc current, 142 V: Rate too high
*0.9 cc of gas, 25 V: 0.035-1.9 s for 1000 frames
*0.9 cc of gas, 13.6 V: 0.04-1.9 s for 1000 frames (0.04 in most cases)
**ST_800V_20fc_0.9cc_025

Long gate reduced to 100 ns from 200 ns
Pre-trigger reduced to 90 ns from 140 ns
Gate offset reduced to 20 ns from 40 ns
*ST_800V_20fc_0.9cc_100nsgate_027

===4 mm Collimator===

{|class="wikitable"
! Gas Flow (cc) !! Voltage (V) !! Time Elapsed for 1000 Frames (s)
|-
| 0.9 || 6 || 0.02-1.9
|-
| 0.8 || 6 || 0.025
|-
| 0.8 || 0 || 1.5
|-
| 0.8 || 3.7-11.7 || 0.1-1.8
|-
| 0.8 || 11.7 || 0.01
|-
| 0.6 || 16-17 || 0.02
|}

{|class="wikitable"
! File !! Electronics Settings
|-
| ST_800V_20fc_0.6_100nsgate_028 ||
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Pre-trigger: 90 ns
*Gate offset: 20 ns
|-
| ST_800V_20f_0.6cc_200nsgate_029 ||
*Long gate: 200 ns
*Pre-trigger: 90 ns
*Gate offset: 40 ns
|-
| ST_800V_20fc_0.6cc_200nsgate_TH1000ns_030 ||
*As above with trigger hold off: 1000 ns
|-
| ST_800V_20fc_0.6cc_100nsgate_TH1000ns_031 ||
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Pre-trigger: 90 ns
*Gate offset: 20 ns
*Trigger hold off: 1000 ns
|}

*Beam stop, wd: 4mm_collimator/beam_stop_selftrigger
**4 cm of plastic (perspex)

Rate: 1s for 1000 frames, smaller amplitude

Trigger hold off: 0
Gate offset: 20 ns
Threshold: 40 ns
Long gate: 100 ns
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_5m_034
Description: 5 minute run with beam stop + beam on

Trigger hold off: 0
Gate offset: 20 ns
Threshold: 40 ns
Long gate: 100 ns
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_5m_beamoff_036
Description: Run with beam stop and beam off, 5 minutes (for natural background)

Trigger hold off: 0
Gate offset: 20 ns
Threshold: 40 ns
Long gate: 100 ns
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_5m_beamon_046
Description: Beam background data with beam stop, beam on with list mode dumping on
Rate: 2.8-2.9 s for 1000 frames

Trigger hold off: 0
Gate offset: 20 ns
Threshold: 40 ns
Long gate: 100 ns
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_5m_051
Description: Remove beam stop for a 5 minute run
Rate: 0.01-0.014 s for 1000 frames

===Increase source intensity, change magnets===

*Switching magnet: 11.7, 0.8 cc gas, 0.4 mA, 300 V source (bending the beam less)
*0.008s for 1000 frames

Trigger hold off: 0
Gate offset: 20 ns
Threshold: 40 ns
Long gate: 100 ns
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_2m_005
Description: 2 minute run

Description: Switching magnet position changed by 1 click
Rate: 0.25 s for 1000 frames, sometimes switches to 1.75 s
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_056
Note: Narrower peak, more background

Description: Switching magnet bending the beam more on the other side, setting: 14.0
Rate: 0.12-0.13 s for 1000 frames (bad)
File: 800_20fc_100nsG_057

Description: Switching magnet setting: 14.2
Rate: 2.9s for 1000 frames (also bad)
File: 800_20fc_100nsG_061

Description: Sweep back the other way, switching magnet: 11.3
Rate: 0.6-2.0s for 1000 frames
File: 800_20fc_100nsG_063
Note: Better narrow peak

===Back to original settings===
*Switch magnet: 12.3 A
*Source: 0.1 mA, 200 V
*Gas off, rate too high

Magnet: 12.3
Source: Off
Gas: Off
Rate: 0.1-1.8 s for 1000 frames
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_067
Note: Energy and time

Source: 0.1 mA, ~200 V
Rate: 0.007 s for 1000 frames
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_068
Note: Energy and time

Magnet: 12.3
Gas: Off
Source: Off
High Voltage: 800 V
Rate: 0.5-1.4 s for 1000 frames
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_070

High Voltage: 900 V
800 V Amplitude: 400 mV
900 V Amplitude: 800 mV
Rate at 900 V: 1.1 s for 1000 frames
File: 900V_20fc_100nsG_071

Settings: All as above
DC Offset: -30
File: 900V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_074
Note: Strange widening of beam during running

Settings: All as above
File: 900V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_077
Note: Normal

Settings: Back to 800 V for PMT
DC Offset: -30
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_081

===Linearity (different proton energies with perspex thicknesses)===
*wd: 4mm_collimator/lin

Settings:
*High Voltage: 800 V
*DC Offset: -30
*PMMA Position: ~1.80 upstream from module (units?)

{|class="wikitable"
! PMMA Thickness (mm) !! Rate (seconds for 1000 frames) !! File
|-
| 5.07 || 0.5-1.5 || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_5.07mm_083
|-
| 9.8 || 1-2.7 || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_9.8mm_084
|-
| 14.12 || 2.7, occasionally 1 || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_14.12mm_085
|-
| 17.94 || || 800V_20fc_200nsG_DC-30_17.94mm_086
|-
| 19.94 || || 800V_20fc_200nsG_DC-30_19.94mm_087
|-
| 21.71 || || 800V_20fc_200nsG_DC-30_21.71mm_088
|}

===DeltaE/External Trigger===
*wd: 3mm_collimator/deltaE

DeltaE PMT running at 1800 V
Rate (no beam): 10 events in 6 seconds (~1.5 Hz)
Rate (with beam): 0.3-1.7 seconds for 100 events
Threshold: 40
Long gate: 100 ns
Gate offset: 40 ns
DC offset: 0

===Intensity Change by Phase===
*wd: 4mm_collimator/phase

Source settings:
*Gas: Full
*High voltage: 800 V
*Arc current: 1 mA
*Intensity decreased by phasing

{|class="wikitable"
! Dephase (°) !! Rate
|-
| 10 || 0.3-1.7 seconds for 1000 frames
|-
| 15 || 2.5 seconds for 10 frames
|-
| 12 || 2 seconds for 10 frames
|-
| 11 || 0.1 seconds for 100 frames (~1 kHz)
|-
! File || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_11deg_100
|-
! Mean || ~8069
|}

Settings:
*DC offset: -30
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Gate offset: 20 ns

{|class="wikitable"
! Dephase (°) !! Rate !! Gas (cc) !! Current (mA) !! Mean !! File !! Notes
|-
| 9 || 0.08 seconds for 100 frames || 1.5 || 0.2 mA || || ||
|-
| || 0.08 seconds for 100 frames || 0.75 || 0.2 || || ||
|-
| 9 || 0.1 seconds for 100 frames || 0.4 || 0.2 || ~7861 || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_9deg_103 ||
|-
| 0 || 0.001 in 100 frames || 0 || 0 || ~9733 || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_0deg_105 || Dodgy shifts
|-
| || || || || || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_0deg_110 || Rate has gone down by a factor of 3, dodgy
|}

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2013/Dec9-10

2017-08-01T11:13:13Z

DanWalker: Info dump: Handwritten notes from 09-10/12/2013. Finding a consistent format for these notes has proven difficult, major formatting improvements to follow.

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

__TOC__

=09/12/13=

Cables:
*HV:
**1 (RF1) to Main PMT +ve
**3 (RN7) to DeltaE PMT -ve
*Signal
**LF6 620 - Main PMT
**LN7 1720 DeltaE PMT / Discriminator

Distance between beam and scintillator face: 30 cm from edge of collimator

Dark Rate: Main PMT

{|class="wikitable"
!Voltage (V)
!Threshold (mV)
!Rate + Additional Information
|-
| 1200 || 76 ||
*Rate: ~100 Hz
|-
| 1000 || 76 ||
*Amplitude: ~200 mV, after some time 300-400 mV
*Rate: ~25-30 Hz
|-
| 900 || 76 ||
*Amplitude: 500-600 mV
|-
| 800 || ||
*Amplitude: 300-400 mV
|}

Dark Rate: DeltaE PMT

{|class="wikitable"
!Voltage (V)
!Threshold (mV)
!Rate + Additional Information
|-
| -2000 || ||
*Amplitude: ~140-160 mV
*Discriminator pulse: ~1 V
*Small petal, number 2
|-
| -1800 || ||
*Amplitude: ~380 mV
*Rate from direct signal: ~2 Hz
*Rate from discriminator: ~2 Hz
|}

*1000 V, 80 mV signal, 20 Hz before beam switches on
*Beam switch on: Nothing above background rate

Beam on: 14:50, Monday 9th
*60 MeV beam, 2 mm collimator, very low dose, 25.8 MHz frequency of cyclotron
*Rate: 50-300 Hz for 100 events (switches between the two)
*Amplitude: 1.5 V over 16 pulses
*Rise time: ~5-6 ns

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V) !! Charge Sensitivity (fC/LSB) + Other Information !! File
|-
| 1000 || 160 || selftrigger_1000V_160fc_001
|}

*Take high voltage down to 800 V:
**Amplitude: 500 mV over 16 pulses
**Rate: ~150 Hz for 1000 events (80 mV threshold) at 800 V (after beam off and on)
**Recorded at selftrigger_800V_160fc_002

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V) !! Charge Sensitivity (fC/LSB) + Other Information !! File
|-
| 800 || 80 || selftrigger_800V_80fc_004
|-
| 800 || 40 || selftrigger_800V_40fc_005
|-
| 800 || 20 || selftrigger_800V_20fc_006
|-
| 800 || 20
*83 second run
| selftrigger_800V_20fc_83s_007
|-
| 800 || 20
*100 second run
| ST_800V_20fc_008
|}

Peak at ~9240 ADC

{|class="wikitable"
! High Voltage (V) !! Rate !! Collimator !! File !! Comments
|-
| 800 || 3.2-4.6 seconds for 1000 events || 4 mm || ST_800V_20fc_013 || Rate ~50-60% higher than with 2 mm collimator
|-
| 800 || ~5 kHz || 10 mm || ST_800V_20fc_014 ||
|-
| 800 || ~1 kHz || 7 mm || ST_800V_20fc_015 || Rate drops down to 300 Hz occasionally
|-
| 800 || 6.5-7 seconds for 1000 events || 2 mm ||
*ST_800V_20fc_016
*ST_800V_20fc_017
*ST_800V_20fc_018
|}

*Increase current on source (previous V = 200 V)
** Rate: 0.2-1.8 s for 1000 events
**Open gas slightly (to ~5-6): 1-2 s for 1000 events
***High gas: HG_019
***Reduce dose: HD_020

10 mm lower peak:
*Mean: 11700
*σ: 434.4

10 mm upper peak:
*Mean: 21080
*σ: 1067

=10/12/2013=

Notes:
*Cloth off from this point
*HV: 800 V, -80 mV threshold
*Dark current with cloth (lights off): ~4 Hz
*Dark current with no cloth (lights off): ~3.8 Hz

5 minute run:
*No cloth
*2 mm collimator
*20 fC/LSB
*Beam on: 7s for 1000 events
* ST_800V_20fc_noC_023

Increase intensity (same collimator): 0.2 cc of gas per minute
*Rate: 2-4 s for 1000 frames
*ST_800V_20fc_2to4_024

*0.4 cc of gas: no change
*0.5 cc of gas: rate decreases
*0.7 cc of gas: 5 s for 1000 frames
*0.7 cc of gas, tweaked arc current: 1 s to 3 s for 1000 frames
*0.9 cc of gas, 0 arc current: 2 s to 6 s for 1000 frames
*0.9 cc of gas, 1/4 turn of arc current, 142 V: Rate too high
*0.9 cc of gas, 25 V: 0.035-1.9 s for 1000 frames
*0.9 cc of gas, 13.6 V: 0.04-1.9 s for 1000 frames (0.04 in most cases)
**ST_800V_20fc_0.9cc_025

Long gate reduced to 100 ns from 200 ns
Pre-trigger reduced to 90 ns from 140 ns
Gate offset reduced to 20 ns from 40 ns
*ST_800V_20fc_0.9cc_100nsgate_027

===4 mm Collimator===

{|class="wikitable"
! Gas Flow (cc) !! Voltage (V) !! Time Elapsed for 1000 Frames (s)
|-
| 0.9 || 6 || 0.02-1.9
|-
| 0.8 || 6 || 0.025
|-
| 0.8 || 0 || 1.5
|-
| 0.8 || 3.7-11.7 || 0.1-1.8
|-
| 0.8 || 11.7 || 0.01
|-
| 0.6 || 16-17 || 0.02
|}

{|class="wikitable"
! File !! Electronics Settings
|-
| ST_800V_20fc_0.6_100nsgate_028 ||
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Pre-trigger: 90 ns
*Gate offset: 20 ns
|-
| ST_800V_20f_0.6cc_200nsgate_029 ||
*Long gate: 200 ns
*Pre-trigger: 90 ns
*Gate offset: 40 ns
|-
| ST_800V_20fc_0.6cc_200nsgate_TH1000ns_030 ||
*As above with trigger hold off: 1000 ns
|-
| ST_800V_20fc_0.6cc_100nsgate_TH1000ns_031 ||
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Pre-trigger: 90 ns
*Gate offset: 20 ns
*Trigger hold off: 1000 ns
|}

*Beam stop, wd: 4mm_collimator/beam_stop_selftrigger
**4 cm of plastic (perspex)

Rate: 1s for 1000 frames, smaller amplitude

Trigger hold off: 0
Gate offset: 20 ns
Threshold: 40 ns
Long gate: 100 ns
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_5m_034
Description: 5 minute run with beam stop + beam on

Trigger hold off: 0
Gate offset: 20 ns
Threshold: 40 ns
Long gate: 100 ns
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_5m_beamoff_036
Description: Run with beam stop and beam off, 5 minutes (for natural background)

Trigger hold off: 0
Gate offset: 20 ns
Threshold: 40 ns
Long gate: 100 ns
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_5m_beamon_046
Description: Beam background data with beam stop, beam on with list mode dumping on
Rate: 2.8-2.9 s for 1000 frames

Trigger hold off: 0
Gate offset: 20 ns
Threshold: 40 ns
Long gate: 100 ns
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_5m_051
Description: Remove beam stop for a 5 minute run
Rate: 0.01-0.014 s for 1000 frames

===Increase source intensity, change magnets===

*Switching magnet: 11.7, 0.8 cc gas, 0.4 mA, 300 V source (bending the beam less)
*0.008s for 1000 frames

Trigger hold off: 0
Gate offset: 20 ns
Threshold: 40 ns
Long gate: 100 ns
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_2m_005
Description: 2 minute run

Description: Switching magnet position changed by 1 click
Rate: 0.25 s for 1000 frames, sometimes switches to 1.75 s
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_056
Note: Narrower peak, more background

Description: Switching magnet bending the beam more on the other side, setting: 14.0
Rate: 0.12-0.13 s for 1000 frames (bad)
File: 800_20fc_100nsG_057

Description: Switching magnet setting: 14.2
Rate: 2.9s for 1000 frames (also bad)
File: 800_20fc_100nsG_061

Description: Sweep back the other way, switching magnet: 11.3
Rate: 0.6-2.0s for 1000 frames
File: 800_20fc_100nsG_063
Note: Better narrow peak

===Back to original settings===
*Switch magnet: 12.3 A
*Source: 0.1 mA, 200 V
*Gas off, rate too high

Magnet: 12.3
Source: Off
Gas: Off
Rate: 0.1-1.8 s for 1000 frames
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_067
Note: Energy and time

Source: 0.1 mA, ~200 V
Rate: 0.007 s for 1000 frames
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_068
Note: Energy and time

Magnet: 12.3
Gas: Off
Source: Off
High Voltage: 800 V
Rate: 0.5-1.4 s for 1000 frames
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_070

High Voltage: 900 V
800 V Amplitude: 400 mV
900 V Amplitude: 800 mV
Rate at 900 V: 1.1 s for 1000 frames
File: 900V_20fc_100nsG_071

Settings: All as above
DC Offset: -30
File: 900V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_074
Note: Strange widening of beam during running

Settings: All as above
File: 900V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_077
Note: Normal

Settings: Back to 800 V for PMT
DC Offset: -30
File: 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_081

===Linearity (different proton energies with perspex thicknesses)===
*wd: 4mm_collimator/lin

Settings:
*High Voltage: 800 V
*DC Offset: -30
*PMMA Position: ~1.80 upstream from module (units?)

{|class="wikitable"
! PMMA Thickness (mm) !! Rate (seconds for 1000 frames) !! File
|-
| 5.07 || 0.5-1.5 || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_5.07mm_083
|-
| 9.8 || 1-2.7 || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_9.8mm_084
|-
| 14.12 || 2.7, occasionally 1 || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_14.12mm_085
|-
| 17.94 || || 800V_20fc_200nsG_DC-30_17.94mm_086
|-
| 19.94 || || 800V_20fc_200nsG_DC-30_19.94mm_087
|-
| 21.71 || || 800V_20fc_200nsG_DC-30_21.71mm_088
|}

===DeltaE/External Trigger===
*wd: 3mm_collimator/deltaE

DeltaE PMT running at 1800 V
Rate (no beam): 10 events in 6 seconds (~1.5 Hz)
Rate (with beam): 0.3-1.7 seconds for 100 events
Threshold: 40
Long gate: 100 ns
Gate offset: 40 ns
DC offset: 0

===Intensity Change by Phase===
*wd: 4mm_collimator/phase

Source settings:
*Gas: Full
*High voltage: 800 V
*Arc current: 1 mA
*Intensity decreased by phasing

{|class="wikitable"
! Dephase (°) !! Rate
|-
| 10 || 0.3-1.7 seconds for 1000 frames
|-
| 15 || 2.5 seconds for 10 frames
|-
| 12 || 2 seconds for 10 frames
|-
| 11 || 0.1 seconds for 100 frames (~1 kHz)
! File || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_11deg_100
! Mean || ~8069
|}

Settings:
*DC offset: -30
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Gate offset: 20 ns

{|class="wikitable"
! Dephase (°) !! Rate !! Gas (cc) !! Current (mA) !! Mean !! File !! Notes
|-
| 9 || 0.08 seconds for 100 frames || 1.5 || 0.2 mA || || ||
|-
| || 0.08 seconds for 100 frames || 0.75 || 0.2 || || ||
|-
| 9 || 0.1 seconds for 100 frames || 0.4 || 0.2 || ~7861 || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_9deg_103 ||
|-
| 0 || 0.001 in 100 frames || 0 || 0 || ~9733 || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_0deg_105 || Dodgy shifts
|-
| || || || || || 800V_20fc_100nsG_DC-30_0deg_110 || Rate has gone down by a factor of 3, dodgy
|}

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2017/Mar1-3

2017-07-28T17:39:08Z

DanWalker: Info dump: Handwritten notes from 01-03/03/2017 entered as tables with minimal formatting. Formatting and corrections to follow.

Include all details from experimental runs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

__TOC__

=01-02/03/2017=

Hamamatsu Base + Standard 45 cm Cuboid Tests

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST || I (Beam off): 150.15 μA ||
*DC offset: -30
*Rec. length: 456
*Threshold: 40 LSB
*Gate offset: 10
|
*6 mm collimator
*252.4 MeV beam
|
|-
| -800 || ST ||
*I (Beam off): 133.25 μA
*I (Beam on): 240 μA
*Beam energy: 252.4 MeV (runs 001 - 016)
|
*BL mean: 32
*Charge sens.: 20 fV/LSB
*Long gate: 150 ns
| 5 second beam spill || 001
|-
| -800 || ST || ||
*Threshold: 40 LSB
*Long gate: 50 ns
| || 002
|-
| -800 || ST || ||
*Threshold: 55 LSB
*Long gate: 50 ns
| || 003
|-
| -800 || ST || ||
*Threshold: 55 LSB
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 30 second beam spill || 004
|-
| -800 || ST || ||
*Threshold: 55 LSB
*Long gate: 50 ns
| || 005
|-
| -800 || ST || ||
*Threshold: 55 LSB
*Long gate: 50 ns
| || 006
|-
| -800 || ST || ||
*Threshold: 55 LSB
*Long gate: 50 ns
| || 007
|-
| -800 || ST || Increase acquisition gate to see pile up effect ||
*Long gate: 150 ns
| || 008
|-
| -800 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 30 ns
| || 009
|-
| -900 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 30 ns
| || 010
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*I (beam off): 167 μA
*I (beam on): ~269 μA
|
*Long gate: 30 ns
| || 011
|-
| -1000 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 30 ns
| || 012
|-
| -1000 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 30 ns
| || 013
|-
| -1000 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 50 ns
| || 014
|-
| -1000 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 20 ns
| || 015
|-
| -1000 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 20 ns
| || 016
|-
| -1000 || ST || 62 MeV beam (runs 017-019) ||
*Long gate: 20 ns
| 62 MeV beam || 017
|-
| -1000 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 018
|-
| -1200 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 019
|-
| -1200 || ST || 100 MeV beam (run 020) ||
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 100 MeV beam || 020
|-
|colspan="6"|End of test beam
|}

=02-03/03/2017=

Continuation of Hamamatsu Tests

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*I (beam off): 167.05 μA
*I (beam on): ~240 μA
*Rate: ~7 kHz at -7 mV threshold
| ||
*4 mm collimator
*+6 mm collimator after first collimator
|
|-
| || || ||
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Threshold: 55 LSB
|
*252.4 MeV beam
*30 second beam spill
| 021
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rate: ~4-5 kHz
|
*Gate offset: 20 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Threshold: 55 LSB
| || 022
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rate: ~20 kHz
| || 102.4 MeV beam || 023
|-
| -1000 || ST
|colspan="3"|Beam shifted during run
| 024
|-
| -1000 || ST
|colspan="3"|Beam shifted during run
| 025
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || 62.4 MeV beam || 026
|-
| -1000 || ST || || ||
*4 mm collimator removed
*6 mm collimator moved to isocentre
*Distance between collimator and detector increased
| 027
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || 252.4 MeV beam || 028
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*70 A setting for synchrotron
| All electronics as above || || 029
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*70 A setting for synchrotron
| || || 030
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*0 A, last quad off
*Rate: ~300 kHz
| || || 031
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Second quad on, 35 A
*Rate: ~150-200 kHz
| || || 032
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Second quad: 40 A
*Rate: 100-200 kHz
*Note: Best looking spectrums at 252 MeV so far
| || || 033
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 034
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rate: ~100 kHz
*Chopper magnet to 470 A (435 by default), scraping on outer chopper dunip. (??)
*Great spectra!
| || || 035
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 036
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 037
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 038
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || 232.4 MeV || 039
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 040
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rate: ~100-150 kHz
| || 212.4 MeV || 041
|-
| || || || || || 042
|-
| || || || || || 043
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rate: ~100-150 kHz
| || 192.4 MeV || 044
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rate: ~100-150 kHz
| || 172.4 MeV || 045
|-
| || || || || || 046
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 047
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || 152.4 MeV || 048
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 049
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || 132.4 MeV || 050
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 051
|-
| -1000 || ST || Strange oscillating behaviour between two points at this energy || || 112.4 MeV || 052
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 053
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || 92.4 MeV || 054
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 055
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || 72.4 MeV || 056
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 057
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || 62.4 MeV || 058
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 059
|-
| -1000 || ST
|colspan="2"|Back to 112.4 MeV to investigate strange energy. At the beginning of the spill the small higher ADC count peak starts growing, then moves onto "main" peak and grow until the end of the run
| 112.4 MeV || 060
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rate: 28 kHz
| || || 061
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rate: 2 kHz
| || 64.2 MeV || 062
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rate: ~100 kHz
*Count rate increasing by moving chopper
| Peak shifts to lower ADC || || 063
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Settings as for run 062
*Rate: 1-2 kHz
| Peak shifts back up || || 064
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rates to be increased again
*Rate: ~20-30 kHz
| Peak shifts down again || || 065
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Settings as for run 063
*Rate: 100 kHz
| || || 066
|-
| -1000 || ST
|colspan="3"|Same oscillating behaviour as for energy 112 MeV, but a lit less extreme
| 067
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Keep increasing rates
*Rate: 250-300 kHz
*228 A
| || || 068
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Nominal medical settings
*Rate: 250 kHz
| || || 069
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 070
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rate: 400 kHz
| || 5 second beam spill || 071
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rate: >400 kHz
*Degrader: 20%
| || || 072
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || || 073
|-
| -1000 || ST
|colspan="3"|Next step up in degrader, 50%. The data becomes invalid at this point. Flat top intensity: 8.8×109
| 074
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Rate: >400 kHz
*Nominal medical beam settings
| ||
*30 second beam spill
*252.4 MeV beam
| 075
|-
| -1000 || ST || || || Waveforms (~500 MB) || 076
|-
| -1000 || ST ||
*Current settings changed for lower rates
*Rate: 300 kHz
| || Waveforms || 077
|-
|colspan="6"|End of test beam
|}

Counts on integrated intensity monitor: 4,523,000 at 22:53 GMT
Final count: 33,600,000 at 04:03 GMT
1×104 to 2×104 protons per count

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2015/Jul8-9

2017-07-27T14:17:28Z

DanWalker: Corrected errors in tables, added section headings and table of contents

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

=Day 1 (July 8th)=

====Notes====

*Current at -800 V: 129.6 μA (beam off)
*Background rate (-800 V on PMT, beam off, no collimator): ~5 Hz - 4 Hz
**Threshold: -14 mV (for 10 segments)
**Rise time: 8 - 14 ns (<14 ns)
*Having the corridor lights on does NOT create enough light to trip PMT and is acceptable
*For treatment, 8 mm - 20 mm collimator used

===Negative Base Tests===

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -800 || ST || Rate: 50 Hz || ||
*2 mm
*0.6 cc/minute
*0 arc current
|
|-
| || || | Rate: 500 kHz || ||
*0.6 cc/current
*Tiny bit of arc
*Dose: 3.9
|
|-
| || || Rate: ~200 kHz ||
*Rec. length: 304 ns
*BL mean: 32
*Charge Sens.: 20 fC/LSB
|
*0.6 cc/minute
*0.6 dose (less arc)
*Unstable
|
|-
| -800 || ST || Rate: 50 Hz ||
*Threshold: 40 LSB
*Gate offset: 20 ns
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*0.6 cc/minute
*0 arc current
*0 dose
| 001 (60,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 330 Hz
*I: 129.6 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 5 mm || 002 (71,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 1.1 kHz
*I: 129.6 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 8 mm || 003 (350,000 events)
|-
|colspan="6"| 40 MeV protons, therefore trigger on 14 mV is ~5%, usually require 10%. Trigger on 30 mV threshold from now on.
|-
|colspan="6"|Lunch break
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 1.6 kHz
*I: 129.7 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 16 mm || 005 (350,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list
|colspan="3"| As above, repeated to study shoulder at ~2500 ADC
| 006 (300,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 4.2 kHz
*I: 129.775 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 20 mm || 007 (400,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 7.1 kHz - 6 kHz
*I: 129.77 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 24 mm || 008 (400,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 4.5 kHz - 5 kHz
*I: 129.76 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 30 mm || 009 (400,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 500 kHz
*I: 150 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*2 mm
*0.6 cc/minute
*Dose: 2.5
*Arc current: 0.5 mA
| 010 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 300 kHz
*I: 138 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*0.1 cc/minute
*Arc current: 0.1 mA
*1.0 dose
| 012 (1,500,000 events
|-
| -800 || ST, list
|colspan="3"| All as above, but create larger statistics
| 014 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 100 kHz
*I: 131.7 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*0.3 dose
*Gas at lowest
*Current at lowest
| 016 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 217 kHz
*I: 136 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 4 mm || 017 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*150 kHz
*I: 133.2 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gat: 100 ns
| 3 mm || 018 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 382 kHz
*I: 146.4 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 5 mm || 019 (5,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 520 kHz
*I: 149.5 μA
*Note: May have shifted very slighly during running
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 6 mm || 020 (list), 021 (eh) (5,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 454 kHz
*I: 147-148 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| Voltage changed on Ds: 47.4% || 025 (list), 027 (eh) (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 625 kHz
*I: 157 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| Voltage on Ds changed back || 028 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list
|colspan="3"| All as above, take second for crosscheck
| 029 (2,300,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 800 kHz
*I: 162.2 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 6.99 mm || 030 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 40 ns
*Long gate: 60 ns
| || 039 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 180 kHz
*I: 134 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*2 mm
*Dose: 0.5 - 0.6
*0.1 cc/minute
| 044 (3,500,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 250 kHz
*I: 136.5 &mu'A
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*0.7-0.8 cc/minute
*0.1 mA arc current
| 045 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 360 kHz
*Rate: 143 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*1.8 cc/minte (treatment level)
*0.1 mA arc current
| 046 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 450 kHz
*I: 146.5 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*1.8 cc/minute
*0.15 mA arc current
| 049 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 051 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 053 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 054 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 530 kHz
*I: 149 μA
|
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 056 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 057 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 520-530 kHz
*Note: Not best looking run. Rate stable, but somethign going on with with beam and peak shifting etc.
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 0.5 cc/minute || 065 (4,000,000 events)
|}

=Day 2 (July 9th)=

====Notes====

*From the morning of 9th July 2015 measurements taken without the black cloth covering the face of the scintillator.
*Dark rates have increased to ~6.5 Hz (for a -30 mV threshold)
*Current for dark rate: 129.66 μA
*Distance between beam and EJ-Block scintillator: ~40 mm
*No dark rate, background pickup up with beam off due to such a small scintillator size.
*At 1450 V, I: 324 μA, but still no visible signal. Wrong PMT connected to signal.
With correct PMT:
*At 800 V dark current + background rate: ~40 Hz at -30 mV threshold, I: 178.6 μA
*At 1000 V, dark current + background rates: 600 Hz at -30 mV threshold

===Negative Base Tests===

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: ~50 kHz
*I: 130.3 μA
*Note: Very unstable rate!
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*2 mm
*0.1 cc/minute
*0.1 arc current
*0.1 dose rate
| 068 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || Unable to take run, too much instability
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 60 kHz
*I: 131 μA
*Note: Still unstable!
| ||
*0.6 cc/minute
*0.2 dose rate
*Minimum arc current
| No run, unstable
|-
| -800 || ST, list || Rate: 100 kHz, unstable || ||
*0.6 cc/minute
*0.1 mA arc current
*0.8 dose rate
| No run, unstable
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 500 Hz - 2 kHz
*I: 129.74 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*10 mm
*0.6 cc/minute
*0 arc current
*Note: These seem to be the best settings for a stable low rate run.
| 075 (250,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 076 (250,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 077 (230,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 078 (230,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, waves || ||
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 079 (Waveforms)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 200 kHz - 300 kHz
*I: 135-136 μA to 142 μA
*Note: Unstable rates!
|
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*2 mm
*0.6 cc/minute
*0.1 mA arc current
*0.7 dose
| 081 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 085 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 087 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || Note: Run shifts towards the end ||
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 089 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || Note: Repeat of above run, looks cleaner ||
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 092 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, waves || ||
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 093 (Waveforms)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: ~400 kHz
*I: 143-144 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*1.0 cc/minute
*0.12 mA arc current
*1.5 dose
| 095 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 096 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 097 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 098 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: ~500 kHz
*I: 149 μA
|
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*0.5 cc/minute
*0.5 mA arc current
*2.5 dose rate
| 099 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 100 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 101 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 102 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 720 kHz
*I: 159.5 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 3 mm || 105 (7,500,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 106 (ls), 107 (eh) (7,000,000 events)
|-
|colspan="6"|Beam tripped out
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 108 (9,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 109 (ls), 110 (eh) (6,500,000 events)
|}

===3" PMT Tests===

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| 800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 200 Hz
*I: 178.6 μA
| Signal is off the ADC scale! Reduce the voltage! ||
*6 mm
*0.6 cc/minunte
*0 arc current
|
|-
| 700 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 60-70 Hz
*I: 156 μA
|
*DC offset: -20
*Rec. length: 456 ns
*Threshold: 30 LSB
*Gate offset: 20 ns
*Short gate: 100 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| || 113 (165,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 3-5 kHz
*I: 156.4 μA
*Note: Rate dropped during run
|
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 20 mm || 116 (460,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 7.7 kHz
*I: 156.75 μA
|
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 5.07 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 118 (715,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 9.8 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 119 (370,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list || Repeat above measurement after beam reset ||
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| || 120 (800,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 14.12 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 121 (900,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 17.94 mm of PMMA (9.04 mm + 10.9 mm, 2 plates) || 122 (950,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 19.94 mm of PMMA (9.04 mm + 10.9 mm, 2 plates) || 123 (805,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 21.70 mm of PMMA (9.04 mm + 12.66 mm, 2 plates) || 124 (550,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 1.5 kHz
*I: 156.35 μA
|
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| No PMMA || 125 (700,000 events)
|}

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2015/Jul8-9

2017-07-27T11:27:56Z

DanWalker: Info dump: Handwritten notes from 08-09/07/2015 entered as tables with minimal formatting. Formatting and corrections to follow.

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -800 || ST || Rate: 50 Hz || ||
*2 mm
*0.6 cc/minute
*0 arc current
| ||
|-
| || | Rate: 500 kHz || ||
*0.6 cc/current
*Tiny bit of arc
*Dose: 3.9
|
|-
| || || Rate: ~200 kHz ||
*Rec. length: 304 ns
*BL mean: 32
*Charge Sens.: 20 fC/LSB
|
*0.6 cc/minute
*0.6 dose (less arc)
*Unstable
|
|-
| -800 || ST || Rate: 50 Hz ||
*Threshold: 40 LSB
*Gate offset: 20 ns
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*0.6 cc/minute
*0 arc current
*0 dose
| 001 (60,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 330 Hz
*I: 129.6 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 5 mm || 002 (71,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 1.1 kHz
*I: 129.6 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 8 mm || 003 (350,000 events)
|-
|colspan="6"| 40 MeV protons, therefore trigger on 14 mV is ~5%, usually require 10%. Trigger on 30 mV threshold from now on.
|-
|colspan="6"|Lunch break
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 1.6 kHz
*I: 129.7 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 16 mm || 005 (350,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list
|colspan="3"| As above, repeated to study shoulder at ~2500 ADC
| 006 (300,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 4.2 kHz
*I: 129.775 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 20 mm || 007 (400,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 7.1 kHz - 6 kHz
*I: 129.77 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 24 mm || 008 (400,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 4.5 kHz - 5 kHz
*I: 129.76 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 30 mm || 009 (400,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 500 kHz
*I: 150 μA
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*2 mm
*0.6 cc/minute
*Dose: 2.5
*Arc current: 0.5 mA
| 010 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 300 kHz
*I: 138 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*0.1 cc/minute
*Arc current: 0.1 mA
*1.0 dose
| 012 (1,500,000 events
|-
| -800 || ST, list
|colspan="3"| All as above, but create larger statistics
| 014 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 100 kHz
*I: 131.7 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*0.3 dose
*Gas at lowest
*Current at lowest
| 016 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 217 kHz
*I: 136 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 4 mm || 017 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*150 kHz
*I: 133.2 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gat: 100 ns
| 3 mm || 018 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 382 kHz
*I: 146.4 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 5 mm || 019 (5,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 520 kHz
*I: 149.5 μA
*Note: May have shifted very slighly during running
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 6 mm || 020 (list), 021 (eh) (5,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 454 kHz
*I: 147-148 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| Voltage changed on Ds: 47.4% || 025 (list), 027 (eh) (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ZZ
*Rate: 625 kHz
*I: 157 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| Voltage on Ds changed back || 028 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list
|colspan="3"| All as above, take second for crosscheck
| 029 (2,300,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 800 kHz
*I: 162.2 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 6.99 mm || 030 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 40 ns
*Long gate: 60 ns
| || 039 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 180 kHz
*I: 134 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*2 mm
*Dose: 0.5 - 0.6
*0.1 cc/minute
| 044 (3,500,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 250 kHz
*I: 136.5 &mu'A
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*0.7-0.8 cc/minute
*0.1 mA arc current
| 045 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 360 kHz
*Rate: 143 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*1.8 cc/minte (treatment level)
*0.1 mA arc current
| 046 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 450 kHz
*I: 146.5 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*1.8 cc/minute
*0.15 mA arc current
| 049 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 051 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 053 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 054 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 530 kHz
*I: 149 μA
|
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 056 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 057 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 520-530 kHz
*Note: Not best looking run. Rate stable, but somethign going on with with beam and peak shifting etc.
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 0.5 cc/minute || 065 (4,000,000 events)
|}

Notes:
*Current at -800 V: 129.6 μA (beam off)
*Background rate (-800 V on PMT, beam off, no collimator): ~5 Hz - 4 Hz
**Threshold: -14 mV (for 10 segments)
**Rise time: 8 - 14 ns (<14 ns)
*Having the corridor lights on does NOT create enough light to trip PMT and is acceptable
*For treatment, 8 mm - 20 mm collimator used

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: ~50 kHz
*I: 130.3 μA
*Note: Very unstable rate!
|
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*2 mm
*0.1 cc/minute
*0.1 arc current
*0.1 dose rate
| 068 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| Unable to take run, too much instability
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 60 kHz
*I: 131 μA
*Note: Still unstable!
| ||
*0.6 cc/minute
*0.2 dose rate
*Minimum arc current
| No run, unstable
|-
| -800 || ST, list || Rate: 100 kHz, unstable || ||
*0.6 cc/minute
*0.1 mA arc current
*0.8 dose rate
| No run, unstable
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 500 Hz - 2 kHz
*I: 129.74 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*10 mm
*0.6 cc/minute
*0 arc current
*Note: These seem to be the best settings for a stable low rate run.
| 075 (250,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 076 (250,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 077 (230,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 078 (230,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, waves || ||
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 079 (Waveforms)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 200 kHz - 300 kHz
*I: 135-136 μA to 142 μA
*Note: Unstable rates!
|
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*2 mm
*0.6 cc/minute
*0.1 mA arc current
*0.7 dose
| 081 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 085 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 087 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || Note: Run shifts towards the end ||
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 089 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || Note: Repeat of above run, looks cleaner ||
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 092 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, waves || ||
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 093 (Waveforms)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: ~400 kHz
*I: 143-144 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*1.0 cc/minute
*0.12 mA arc current
*1.5 dose
| 095 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 096 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 097 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 098 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: ~500 kHz
*I: 149 μA
|
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
|
*0.5 cc/minute
*0.5 mA arc current
*2.5 dose rate
| 099 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 100 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 101 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 102 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 720 kHz
*I: 159.5 μA
|
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 3 mm || 105 (7,500,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 70 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 106 (ls), 107 (eh) (7,000,000 events)
|-
|colspan="6"|Beam tripped out
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 80 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 108 (9,000,000 events)
|-
| -800 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 90 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 109 (ls), 110 (eh) (6,500,000 events)
|}

3" PMT Tests

Note: No black cloth

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| 800 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 200 Hz
*I: 178.6 μA
| Signal is off the ADC scale! Reduce the voltage! ||
*6 mm
*0.6 cc/minunte
*0 arc current
|
|-
| 700 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 60-70 Hz
*I: 156 μA
|
*DC offset: -20
*Rec. length: 456 ns
*Threshold: 30 LSB
*Gate offset: 20 ns
*Short gate: 100 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| || 113 (165,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 3-5 kHz
*I: 156.4 μA
*Note: Rate dropped during run
|
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 20 mm || 116 (460,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 7.7 kHz
*I: 156.75 μA
|
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 5.07 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 118 (715,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 9.8 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 119 (370,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list || Repeat above measurement after beam reset ||
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| || 120 (800,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 14.12 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 121 (900,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 17.94 mm of PMMA (9.04 mm + 10.9 mm, 2 plates) || 122 (950,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 19.94 mm of PMMA (9.04 mm + 10.9 mm, 2 plates) || 123 (805,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list || ||
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| 21.70 mm of PMMA (9.04 mm + 12.66 mm, 2 plates) || 124 (550,000 events)
|-
| 700 || ST, list ||
*Rate: 1.5 kHz
*I: 156.35 μA
|
*Short gate: 200 ns
*Long gate: 300 ns
| No PMMA || 125 (700,000 events)
|}

Notes:
*From the morning of 9th July 2015 measuements taken without the black cloth covering the face of the scintillator.
*Dark rates have increased to ~6.5 Hz (for a -30 mV threshold)
*Current for dark rate: 129.66 μA
*Distance between beam and EJ-Block scintillator: ~40 mm
*No dark rate, background pickup up with beam off due to such a small scintillator size.
*At 1450 V, I: 324 μA, but still no visible signal. Wrong PMT connected to signal.
With correct PMT:
*At 800 V dark current + background rate: ~40 Hz at -30 mV threshold, I: 178.6 μA
*At 1000 V, dark current + background rates: 600 Hz at -30 mV threshold

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2015/Dec21-22

2017-07-26T16:33:03Z

DanWalker: Added headings and TOC

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

__TOC__

=Day 1 (December 21st)=

====Notes====
* Current at -1200 V: 200.9 μA (beam off)
*Some double peaks and very large signals present - noise of some sort?
*Background rate (-1200 V, beam off, 3 mm collimator): ~4 kHz
**Threshold: -19.5 mV
**Rise time: 2.5 ns (without averaging), 2.9 ns over 10 sweeps
**Amplitude: ~75 mV over 10 sweeps
*Having the corridor lights on does NOT create enough light to trip the PMT and is acceptable! (Current goes up by 0.1 μA)
*Peak current estimate at -1100 V: 44 mA
**Amplitude: 2.2 V
**Width: ~20 ns

===Hamamatsu Base + Enhanced Cuboid Tests===

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -1200 || ST
|
*Rate: ~4 kH
|
*Rec. Length: 456 ns
*BL Mean: 32
*Charge sens.: 20 pC/LSB
*Threshold: 40 LSB
*Gate offset: 20 ns
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
*DC Offset: 0
*Pre-trigger: 48 ns
| 3 mm
*Background measurement (beam off)
| 001 (4,462 events)
|-
| -1200 || ST || I: Tripped || || 3mm ||
|-
| -800 || ST
|
*Amplitude: 300 mV (-194 mV threshold)
*I: 152.5 μA
*Rate: ~500 kHz
| || ||
|-
| -800 || ST
|
*I: 133.4 μA
*Rate: ~4 kHz
*Unstable beam
| Long gate: 100 ns ||
*Gas off (leakage)
*0 arc current (±0.1 μA)
*0.1 dose
| 002 (845,794 events)
|-
| -900 || ST || I: 150.3 μA || || Edge on peak || 003-004
|-
| -1000 || ST || I: 167.3 μA || || || 005
|-
| -1100 || ST || I: 184.1 μA || || Peak shifted during running || 006
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: ~2 kHz - 25 kHz
*Unstable
| Long gate: 200 ns || 2 mm
*gas off
*0 arc current
| 007 (~3,000 events in peaks)
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate ~19 kHz
*I: 184.1 μA
*Stable rate
| Long gate: 200 ns
|
*0.2 cc/minute
*Arc current ~0
| 008 (6,000 events in peak)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 250 ns || || 009
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 150 ns || || 010
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 011
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns (irrelevant) || Waveforms || 012-14
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 14 kHz
*I: 184 μA
*Beam dropped due to preset time running out
|
*PMMA is in range shifter box, upstream
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*+ 5.07 mm of PMMA (1 plate)
| 015 (600,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || Repeat above with larger stats || 016 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 017 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 019
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 1.3 kHz
*I: 183.99 μA
| Long gate: 200 ns || 9.8 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 020
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 021
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 023
|-
| -1100 || ST || Rate: 30 kHz || Long gate: 200 ns || Upped current at 0.1 mA || 025 (300,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 026 (300,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 027
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 17.94 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 8.9 mm, 2 plates
| 028 (400,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 031
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 19.94 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 10.9 mm, 2 plates
| 032 (400,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 033 (300,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || I: 184 μA || Long gate: 100 ns || || 035 (400,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 150 kHz
*I: 184.9 μA
| Long gate: 200 ns || No PMMA || 036 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 037 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 039
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || || 040 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 60 ns || || 041 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 70 ns || || 042 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 80 ns || || 043 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 90 ns || || 044 (1,500,000 events)
|-
|colspan="6"|Break for lunch
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 200 kHz
*I: 185.3 μA
| Long gate: 200 ns || || 045 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 046 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || || 047 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 049
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 400 kHz
*I: 209 μA
| Long gate: 200 ns || || 050 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 051 (2,000,000 evvents)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || || 052 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 30 ns || || 053 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 20 ns
*Short gate: 19 ns
| || 054 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || Note: Intrinsic spread in energy during running for ~1 s ||
*Long gate: 20 ns
*Short gate: 19 ns
| Waveforms (~2 GB) || 056
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Gate offset: 1 ns
*Long gate: 30 ns
| || 057 (2,500,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 20 ns || || 059 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 450-550 kHz
*I: 211.6 μA
|
*Gate offset: 18 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 060 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Gate offset: 10 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| || 061 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Gate offste: 1 ns
*Long gate: 30 ns
| || 062 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Gate offset: 1 ns
*Long gate: 20 ns
| || 063 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*I: 211.9 μA
*Rate: 450-500 kHz
|
*Gate offset: 18 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| Waveforms (~3 GB) || 066
|}

=Day 2 (December 22nd)=

====Notes====
*Current at -900 V: 150.2 μA (beam off)
*Rate at -900 V: 400 kHz (threshold: -194 mV)

===Hamamatsu Base + Enhanced Cuboid Tests===

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST ||
*Rate: 30 kHz
*Peak ~7000 ADC
*I: 150.2 μA
|
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Gate offset: 18 ns
| || 002 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*I: 158.8 μA
*Rate: 30 kHz
*Peak ~9000 ADC
| Long gate: 100 ns || || 003 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || || 004 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || || 005 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 007
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: 60-50 kHz
| Long gate: 100 ns || || 008 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: 50-40 kHz
*Current on beam dropped during run, creating shoulder
| Long gate: 200 ns || 5.07 mm of PMMA (1 plate)
*wd: scan
| 009 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: 70 kHz || Long gate: 200 ns || || 010 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 011 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 9.8 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 012 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 013 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 14.12 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 014 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 015 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 17.94 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 8.9 mm, 2 plates
| 016 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 017 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || I: 158.7 μA || Long gate: 200 ns || 19.94 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 10.9 mm, 2 plates
| 018 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 019 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Beam dropped || Long gate: 200 ns || 21.70 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 12.66 mm, 2 plates
| 020 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Repeat above run after beam drop || Long gate: 200 ns || || 021 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Beam dropped || Long gate: 100 ns || || 022 (900,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Repeat above run after beam drop || Long gate: 100 ns || || 023 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 0 mm PMMA || 024 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 025 (2,000,000 events)
|}

===Beam tests===

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: ~700 kHz
*Amplitude has dropped
| Long gate: 100 ns ||
*1.3 mA current
*0.2 cc/minute gas
*wd: tests
| 026 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 50 ns
*Gate offset: 10 ns
| Focusing angle: 69.1° || 027 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 30 ns
*Gate offset: 7 ns
| || 028 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 200 ns
*Gate offset: 18 ns
| Waveforms (~2 GB) || 030
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: 600 kHz
*I: 183 μA
|
*Long gate: 60 ns
*Gate offset: 10 ns
|
*1.01 mA
*4.9 dose rate
*315 pA
| 031 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 60 ns
*Gate offset: 10 ns
| Waveforms (~3.5 GB) || 033
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: ~700 kHz (from extrapolation)
*"Standard" run
|
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Gate offset: 18 ns
|
*Arc current: 104 mA
*Scattering: 0.3 nA
*Dose rate: 0.6
*Angle: 64.1°
| 034 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: >500 kHz (extrapolated) || ||
*Angle: 65.4°
*Dose: 3.5
*Scattering: 0.22 nA
| 036 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: ~400 kHz (extrapolated)
*Higher amplitude
| ||
*Angle: 66.5°
*Dose rate: 2.1
*Scattering: 0.14 nA
| 036 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: ~200 kHz (extrapolated)
*Rate: ~200 kHz (measured on scope)
| ||
*Angle: 67.6°
*Dose rate: 1.0
*Scattering: 0.065 nA
| 037 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: ~100 kHz (extrapolated) || ||
*Angle: 68.5°
*Dose: 0.5
*Scattering: 0.034 nA
| 038 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || ||
*Angle: 69.5°
*Dose: 0.2
*Scattering: 0.014 na
| 039 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || ||
*Angle: 71.5°
*Dose: 0-0.1
*Scattering: 0.0033 nA
| 040 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Higher amplitude / ADC || ||
*Angle: 73.5°
*Dose: 0-0.1
*Scattering: 0.0006 nA
| 041 (300,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Back to 71.5° to see where ADC peak is - back to normal || Rate (scope):
*~88 ms
*~20 kHz
| Angle: 71.5° || 042 (300,000 events
|-
| -950 || ST || Shifted again || || Angle: 73.5° || 043 (100,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || || Angle: 66.5° || 044 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || || Angle: 65.4° || 045 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Scope rate: 730 ms
*~1.2 kHz
| || Angle: 73.5° || 047 (50,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Scan across arc current/dose rate to see if there are any shifts in ADC peak || || Beginning:
*Dose: 0.4-0.5
*Scattering: 0.029 nA
Finishing dose: 3
| 048 (scan)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: 500 kHz
*2 ms at dose: 3
| At ~600 kHz we get a shift due to frequency cutoff ||
*Left peak: 7109
*Right peak: 8894
| 049 (scan)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: ~1.2 MHz (extrapolated) || Long gate: 100 ns ||
*Dose: 13
*Arc current: 1.7 mA
*Waveforms (2.7 GB)
| 051
|}

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2015/Dec21-22

2017-07-25T22:40:11Z

DanWalker:

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

21/12/2015

Notes:
* Current at -1200 V: 200.9 μA (beam off)
*Some doble peaks and very large signals present - noise of some sort?
*Background rate (-1200 V, beam off, 3 mm collumator): ~4 kHz
**Threshold: -19.5 mV
**Rise time: 2.5 ns (without averaging), 2.9 ns over 10 sweeps
**Amplitude: ~75 mV over 10 sweeps
*Having the corridor lights on does NOT create enough light to trip the PMT and is acceptable! (Current goes up by 0.1 μA)
*Peak current estimate at -1100 V: 44 mA
**Amplitude: 2.2 V
**Width: ~20 ns

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -1200 || ST
|
*Rate: ~4 kH
|
*Rec. Length: 456 ns
*BL Mean: 32
*Charge sens.: 20 pC/LSB
*Threshold: 40 LSB
*Gate offset: 20 ns
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
*DC Offset: 0
*Pre-trigger: 48 ns
| 3 mm
*Background measurement (beam off)
| 001 (4,462 events)
|-
| -1200 || ST || I: Tripped || || 3mm ||
|-
| -800 || ST
|
*Amplitude: 300 mV (-194 mV threshold)
*I: 152.5 μA
*Rate: ~500 kHz
| || ||
|-
| -800 || ST
|
*I: 133.4 μA
*Rate: ~4 kHz
*Unstable beam
| Long gate: 100 ns ||
*Gas off (leakage)
*0 arc current (±0.1 μA)
*0.1 dose
| 002 (845,794 events)
|-
| -900 || ST || I: 150.3 μA || || Edge on peak || 003-004
|-
| -1000 || ST || I: 167.3 μA || || || 005
|-
| -1100 || ST || I: 184.1 μA || || Peak shifted during running || 006
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: ~2 kHz - 25 kHz
*Unstable
| Long gate: 200 ns || 2 mm
*gas off
*0 arc current
| 007 (~3,000 events in peaks)
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate ~19 kHz
*I: 184.1 μA
*Stable rate
| Long gate: 200 ns
|
*0.2 cc/minute
*Arc current ~0
| 008 (6,000 events in peak)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 250 ns || || 009
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 150 ns || || 010
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 011
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns (irrelevant) || Waveforms || 012-14
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 14 kHz
*I: 184 μA
*Beam dropped due to preset time running out
|
*PMMA is in range shifter box, upstream
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*+ 5.07 mm of PMMA (1 plate)
| 015 (600,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || Repeat above with larger stats || 016 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 017 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 019
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 1.3 kHz
*I: 183.99 μA
| Long gate: 200 ns || 9.8 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 020
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 021
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 023
|-
| -1100 || ST || Rate: 30 kHz || Long gate: 200 ns || Upped current at 0.1 mA || 025 (300,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 026 (300,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 027
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 17.94 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 8.9 mm, 2 plates
| 028 (400,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 031
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 19.94 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 10.9 mm, 2 plates
| 032 (400,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 033 (300,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || I: 184 μA || Long gate: 100 ns || || 035 (400,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 150 kHz
*I: 184.9 μA
| Long gate: 200 ns || No PMMA || 036 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 037 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 039
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || || 040 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 60 ns || || 041 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 70 ns || || 042 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 80 ns || || 043 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 90 ns || || 044 (1,500,000 events)
|-
|colspan="6"|Break for lunch
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 200 kHz
*I: 185.3 μA
| Long gate: 200 ns || || 045 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 046 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || || 047 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 049
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 400 kHz
*I: 209 μA
| Long gate: 200 ns || || 050 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 051 (2,000,000 evvents)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || || 052 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 30 ns || || 053 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 20 ns
*Short gate: 19 ns
| || 054 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || Note: Intrinsic spread in energy during running for ~1 s ||
*Long gate: 20 ns
*Short gate: 19 ns
| Waveforms (~2 GB) || 056
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Gate offset: 1 ns
*Long gate: 30 ns
| || 057 (2,500,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 20 ns || || 059 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 450-550 kHz
*I: 211.6 μA
|
*Gate offset: 18 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 060 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Gate offset: 10 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| || 061 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Gate offste: 1 ns
*Long gate: 30 ns
| || 062 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Gate offset: 1 ns
*Long gate: 20 ns
| || 063 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*I: 211.9 μA
*Rate: 450-500 kHz
|
*Gate offset: 18 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| Waveforms (~3 GB) || 066
|}

22/12/2015

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST ||
*Rate: 30 kHz
*Peak ~7000 ADC
*I: 150.2 μA
|
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Gate offset: 18 ns
| || 002 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*I: 158.8 μA
*Rate: 30 kHz
*Peak ~9000 ADC
| Long gate: 100 ns || || 003 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || || 004 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || || 005 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 007
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: 60-50 kHz
| Long gate: 100 ns || || 008 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: 50-40 kHz
*Current on beam dropped during run, creating shoulder
| Long gate: 200 ns || 5.07 mm of PMMA (1 plate)
*wd: scan
| 009 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: 70 kHz || Long gate: 200 ns || || 010 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 011 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 9.8 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 012 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 013 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 14.12 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 014 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 015 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 17.94 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 8.9 mm, 2 plates
| 016 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 017 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || I: 158.7 μA || Long gate: 200 ns || 19.94 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 10.9 mm, 2 plates
| 018 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 019 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Beam dropped || Long gate: 200 ns || 21.70 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 12.66 mm, 2 plates
| 020 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Repeat above run after beam drop || Long gate: 200 ns || || 021 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Beam dropped || Long gate: 100 ns || || 022 (900,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Repeat above run after beam drop || Long gate: 100 ns || || 023 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 0 mm PMMA || 024 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 025 (2,000,000 events)
|}

Beam tests

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: ~700 kHz
*Amplitude has dropped
| Long gate: 100 ns ||
*1.3 mA current
*0.2 cc/minute gas
*wd: tests
| 026 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 50 ns
*Gate offset: 10 ns
| Focusing angle: 69.1° || 027 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 30 ns
*Gate offset: 7 ns
| || 028 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 200 ns
*Gate offset: 18 ns
| Waveforms (~2 GB) || 030
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: 600 kHz
*I: 183 μA
|
*Long gate: 60 ns
*Gate offset: 10 ns
|
*1.01 mA
*4.9 dose rate
*315 pA
| 031 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 60 ns
*Gate offset: 10 ns
| Waveforms (~3.5 GB) || 033
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: ~700 kHz (from extrapolation)
*"Standard" run
|
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Gate offset: 18 ns
|
*Arc current: 104 mA
*Scattering: 0.3 nA
*Dose rate: 0.6
*Angle: 64.1°
| 034 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: >500 kHz (extrapolated) || ||
*Angle: 65.4°
*Dose: 3.5
*Scattering: 0.22 nA
| 036 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: ~400 kHz (extrapolated)
*Higher amplitude
| ||
*Angle: 66.5°
*Dose rate: 2.1
*Scattering: 0.14 nA
| 036 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: ~200 kHz (extrapolated)
*Rate: ~200 kHz (measured on scope)
| ||
*Angle: 67.6°
*Dose rate: 1.0
*Scattering: 0.065 nA
| 037 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: ~100 kHz (extrapolated) || ||
*Angle: 68.5°
*Dose: 0.5
*Scattering: 0.034 nA
| 038 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || ||
*Angle: 69.5°
*Dose: 0.2
*Scattering: 0.014 na
| 039 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || ||
*Angle: 71.5°
*Dose: 0-0.1
*Scattering: 0.0033 nA
| 040 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Higher amplitude / ADC || ||
*Angle: 73.5°
*Dose: 0-0.1
*Scattering: 0.0006 nA
| 041 (300,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Back to 71.5° to see where ADC peak is - back to normal || Rate (scope):
*~88 ms
*~20 kHz
| Angle: 71.5° || 042 (300,000 events
|-
| -950 || ST || Shifted again || || Angle: 73.5° || 043 (100,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || || Angle: 66.5° || 044 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || || Angle: 65.4° || 045 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Scope rate: 730 ms
*~1.2 kHz
| || Angle: 73.5° || 047 (50,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Scan across arc current/dose rate to see if there are any shifts in ADC peak || || Beginning:
*Dose: 0.4-0.5
*Scattering: 0.029 nA
Finishing dose: 3
| 048 (scan)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: 500 kHz
*2 ms at dose: 3
| At ~600 kHz we get a shift due to frequency cutoff ||
*Left peak: 7109
*Right peak: 8894
| 049 (scan)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: ~1.2 MHz (extrapolated) || Long gate: 100 ns ||
*Dose: 13
*Arc current: 1.7 mA
*Waveforms (2.7 GB)
| 051
|}

Notes:
*Current at -900 V: 150.2 μA (beam off)
*Rate at -900 V: 400 kHz (threshold: -194 mV)

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2015/Dec21-22

2017-07-25T22:27:42Z

DanWalker: Info dump: Handwritten notes from 21-22/12/2015 entered as tables with minimal formatting. Formatting and corrections to follow.

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

21/12/2015

Notes:
* Current at -1200 V: 200.9 μA (beam off)
*Some doble peaks and very large signals present - noise of some sort?
*Background rate (-1200 V, beam off, 3 mm collumator): ~4 kHz
**Threshold: -19.5 mV
**Rise time: 2.5 ns (without averaging), 2.9 ns over 10 sweeps
**Amplitude: ~75 mV over 10 sweeps
*Having the corridor lights on does NOT create enough light to trip the PMT and is acceptable! (Current goes up by 0.1 μA)
*Peak current estimate at -1100 V: 44 mA
**Amplitude: 2.2 V
**Width: ~20 ns

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -1200 || ST
|
*Rate: ~4 kH
|
*Rec. Length: 456 ns
*BL Mean: 32
*Charge sens.: 20 pC/LSB
*Threshold: 40 LSB
*Gate offset: 20 ns
*Short gate: 50 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
*DC Offset: 0
*Pre-trigger: 48 ns
| 3 mm
*Background measurement (beam off)
| 001 (4,462 events)
|-
| -1200 || ST || I: Tripped || || 3mm ||
|-
| -800 || ST
|
*Amplitude: 300 mV (-194 mV threshold)
*I: 152.5 μA
*Rate: ~500 kHz
| || ||
|-
| -800 || ST
|
*I: 133.4 μA
*Rate: ~4 kHz
*Unstable beam
| Long gate: 100 ns ||
*Gas off (leakage)
*0 arc current (±0.1 μA)
*0.1 dose
| 002 (845,794 events)
|-
| -900 || ST || I: 150.3 μA || || Edge on peak || 003-004
|-
| -1000 || ST || I: 167.3 μA || || || 005
|-
| -1100 || ST || I: 184.1 μA || || Peak shifted during running || 006
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: ~2 kHz - 25 kHz
*Unstable
| Long gate: 200 ns || 2 mm
*gas off
*0 arc current
| 007 (~3,000 events in peaks)
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate ~19 kHz
*I: 184.1 μA
*Stable rate
| Long gate: 200 ns
|
*0.2 cc/minute
*Arc current ~0
| 008 (6,000 events in peak)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 250 ns || || 009
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 150 ns || || 010
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 011
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns (irrelevant) || Waveforms || 012-14
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 14 kHz
*I: 184 μA
*Beam dropped due to preset time running out
|
*PMMA is in range shifter box, upstream
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*+ 5.07 mm of PMMA (1 plate)
| 015 (600,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || Repeat above with larger stats || 016 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 017 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 019
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 1.3 kHz
*I: 183.99 μA
| Long gate: 200 ns || 9.8 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 020
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 021
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 023
|-
| -1100 || ST || Rate: 30 kHz || Long gate: 200 ns || Upped current at 0.1 mA || 025 (300,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 026 (300,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 027
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 17.94 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 8.9 mm, 2 plates
| 028 (400,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 031
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 19.94 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 10.9 mm, 2 plates
| 032 (400,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 033 (300,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || I: 184 μA || Long gate: 100 ns || || 035 (400,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 150 kHz
*I: 184.9 μA
| Long gate: 200 ns || No PMMA || 036 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 037 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 039
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || || 040 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 60 ns || || 041 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 70 ns || || 042 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 80 ns || || 043 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 90 ns || || 044 (1,500,000 events)
|colspan="6"|Break for lunch
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 200 kHz
*I: 185.3 μA
| Long gate: 200 ns || || 045 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 046 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || || 047 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 049
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 400 kHz
*I: 209 μA
| Long gate: 200 ns || || 050 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 051 (2,000,000 evvents)
|-
| -1100 || ST || Long gate: 50 ns || || 052 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 30 ns || || 053 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 20 ns
*Short gate: 19 ns
| || 054 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || Note: Intrinsic spread in energy during running for ~1 s ||
*Long gate: 20 ns
*Short gate: 19 ns
| Waveforms (~2 GB) || 056
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Gate offset: 1 ns
*Long gate: 30 ns
| || 057 (2,500,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || || Long gate: 20 ns || || 059 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*Rate: 450-550 kHz
*I: 211.6 μA
|
*Gate offset: 18 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| || 060 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Gate offset: 10 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| || 061 (4,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Gate offste: 1 ns
*Long gate: 30 ns
| || 062 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST || ||
*Gate offset: 1 ns
*Long gate: 20 ns
| || 063 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -1100 || ST ||
*I: 211.9 μA
*Rate: 450-500 kHz
|
*Gate offset: 18 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| Waveforms (~3 GB) || 066
|}

22/12/2015

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST ||
*Rate: 30 kHz
*Peak ~7000 ADC
*I: 150.2 μA
|
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Gate offset: 18 ns
| || 002 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*I: 158.8 μA
*Rate: 30 kHz
*Peak ~9000 ADC
| Long gate: 100 ns || || 003 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || || 004 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 50 ns || || 005 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 007
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: 60-50 kHz
| Long gate: 100 ns || || 008 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: 50-40 kHz
*Current on beam dropped during run, creating shoulder
| Long gate: 200 ns || 5.07 mm of PMMA (1 plate)
*wd: scan
| 009 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: 70 kHz || Long gate: 200 ns || || 010 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 011 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 9.8 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 012 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 013 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 14.12 mm of PMMA (1 plate) || 014 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 015 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 17.94 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 8.9 mm, 2 plates
| 016 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 017 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || I: 158.7 μA || Long gate: 200 ns || 19.94 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 10.9 mm, 2 plates
| 018 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 019 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Beam dropped || Long gate: 200 ns || 21.70 mm of PMMA
*9.04 mm + 12.66 mm, 2 plates
| 020 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Repeat above run after beam drop || Long gate: 200 ns || || 021 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Beam dropped || Long gate: 100 ns || || 022 (900,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Repeat above run after beam drop || Long gate: 100 ns || || 023 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 200 ns || 0 mm PMMA || 024 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || Long gate: 100 ns || || 025 (2,000,000 events)
|}

Beam tests

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: ~700 kHz
*Amplitude has dropped
| Long gate: 100 ns ||
*1.3 mA current
*0.2 cc/minute gas
*wd: tests
| 026 (1,500,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 50 ns
*Gate offset: 10 ns
| Focusing angle: 69.1° || 027 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 30 ns
*Gate offset: 7 ns
| || 028 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 200 ns
*Gate offset: 18 ns
| Waveforms (~2 GB) || 030
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: 600 kHz
*I: 183 μA
|
*Long gate: 60 ns
*Gate offset: 10 ns
|
*1.01 mA
*4.9 dose rate
*315 pA
| 031 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || ||
*Long gate: 60 ns
*Gate offset: 10 ns
| Waveforms (~3.5 GB) || 033
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: ~700 kHz (from extrapolation)
*"Standard" run
|
*Long gate: 100 ns
*Gate offset: 18 ns
|
*Arc current: 104 mA
*Scattering: 0.3 nA
*Dose rate: 0.6
*Angle: 64.1°
| 034 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: >500 kHz (extrapolated) || ||
*Angle: 65.4°
*Dose: 3.5
*Scattering: 0.22 nA
| 036 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: ~400 kHz (extrapolated)
*Higher amplitude
| ||
*Angle: 66.5°
*Dose rate: 2.1
*Scattering: 0.14 nA
| 036 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST ||
*Rate: ~200 kHz (extrapolated)
*Rate: ~200 kHz (measured on scope)
| ||
*Angle: 67.6°
*Dose rate: 1.0
*Scattering: 0.065 nA
| 037 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: ~100 kHz (extrapolated) || ||
*Angle: 68.5°
*Dose: 0.5
*Scattering: 0.034 nA
| 038 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || ||
*Angle: 69.5°
*Dose: 0.2
*Scattering: 0.014 na
| 039 (2,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || ||
*Angle: 71.5°
*Dose: 0-0.1
*Scattering: 0.0033 nA
| 040 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Higher amplitude / ADC || ||
*Angle: 73.5°
*Dose: 0-0.1
*Scattering: 0.0006 nA
| 041 (300,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Back to 71.5° to see where ADC peak is - back to normal || Rate (scope):
*~88 ms
*~20 kHz
| Angle: 71.5° || 042 (300,000 events
|-
| -950 || ST || Shifted again || || Angle: 73.5° || 043 (100,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || || Angle: 66.5° || 044 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || || || Angle: 65.4° || 045 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Scope rate: 730 ms
*~1.2 kHz
| || Angle: 73.5° || 047 (50,000 events)
|-
| -950 || ST || Scan across arc current/dose rate to see if there are any shifts in ADC peak || || Beginning:
*Dose: 0.4-0.5
*Scattering: 0.029 nA
Finishing dose: 3
| 048 (scan)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: 500 kHz
*2 ms at dose: 3
| At ~600 kHz we get a shift due to frequency cutoff ||
*Left peak: 7109
*Right peak: 8894
| 049 (scan)
|-
| -950 || ST || Rate: ~1.2 MHz (extrapolated) || Long gate: 100 ns ||
*Dose: 13
*Arc current: 1.7 mA
*Waveforms (2.7 GB)
| 051
|}

Notes:
*Current at -900 V: 150.2 μA (beam off)
*Rate at -900 V: 400 kHz (threshold: -194 mV)

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2014/Dec8-9

2017-07-24T18:30:48Z

DanWalker: Formatting and minor corrections

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

__TOC__

=Day 1 (December 8th)=

====Notes====
*Black cloth was placed around the box containing the module, but did NOT cover the face of the scintillator
*Distance between the beam and the modeule: ~30 cm (as for previous tests)
*Beam nozzle diameter: 34 mm

===Rate Tests===
{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
|800 ||ST
|
HV on: 10.30 am, data taking: 11.00 am
*I: 65.8 μA
*Scope Threshold: 62 mV
*Rate: 430-500 Hz (after ~10 minutes of beam on)
|
*DC offset: 0
*Threshold 40 LSB
*Gate offset: 20 ns
*Charge sens.: 20 fC/LSB
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate:200 ns
|
*2 mm
*60 MeV beam
*Flow rate: 1.1 cc/min
*Arc current: 0
| 002 (150,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 630-1000 Hz
*wd: 3 mm
| As above || 3 mm || 003 (450,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.1-2.7 kHz
*wd: 5 mm
| As above || 5 mm || 004 (700,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.5-2.85 kHz
*wd: 4 mm
| As above || 4 mm || 005 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 13-14 kHz
*wd: 8 mm
| As above || 8 mm || 006 (5,000,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 20-25 kHz
*wd: 10 mm
| As above || 10 mm || 007 (5,000,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 65-100 kHz
*Note: Beam off for lunch for ~1.5 hours
| As above || 10 mm (Repeat measurement - run 007) || 008 (4,600,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate 100 kHz
*Note: A lot of pile up
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 10 mm || 009 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Note: A lot of pile up
| As above + Short gate: 49 ns, Long gate: 50 ns || 10 mm || 010 (2,500,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.3-3.6 kHz
*wd: 2 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm (Repeat measurement - run 002) || 011 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
|As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm || 012 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.2 kHz
| As above || 2 mm (Repeat measurement - run 012) || 013 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
|As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm || 014 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm (Repeat measurement - run 002) || 015 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 1.4 kHz
*wd: 1 mm
| As above || 1 mm || 016 (300,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 300-350 Hz
*wd: 0.5 mm
| As above || 0.5 mm, Cent red at 0 || 017 (320,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 300 Hz
| As above || 0.5 mm, 8 mm off centre, horizontal right || 018 (125,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 210 Hz
| As above || 0.5 mm, 16 mm off centre, horizontal right || 019 (100,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 300 Hz
|As above || 0.5 mm, 8 mm off centre, horizontal left || 020 (100,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 190 Hz
| As above || 0.5 mm, 16 mm off centre, horizontal left || 021 (100,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 310 Hz
|As avove || 0.5 mm, 8 mm off centre, vertical up || 022 (100,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 200 Hz
| As above || 0.5 mm, 8 mm off centre, vertical up || 023 (100,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.7 Hz (?)
*wd: 2 mm
| As above || 2 mm (Repeat measurement - run 002) || 024 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 4.3 Hz
| As above || 2 mm, Beam off (background run) || 025 (450 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 5.9 kHz
| As above || 2 mm, Flow rate: 1.3 cc/min || 026 (500,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 5.9-6 kHz
*Note: Peak shifted to higher ADC during running
| As above || 2 mm, Flow rate: 1.6 cc/min || 027 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: unstable
*Note: Peak stabilised at higher ADC
| As above || 2 mm || 028 (2,366,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate (0 current): 4.5 kHz
*Rate (1/4 of a turn of current): 4.5 kHz
*Rate (xurrent at 0.8-0.9): 250 kHz
| As above || 2 mm, Flow rate: 1.1 cc/min, Arc current: 1/10th of therapy setting (0.8-0.9) || 029 (3,200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate (~1 turn away from "off" position for arc current): 4.22 kHz
| As above || 2 mm, Arc current: ~1 turn away from "off" position || 030 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm || 032 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm || 033 (350,000 events)
|-
| 1000 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.9 kHz
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm || 034 (350,000 events)
|-
| 1000 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm || 035 (350,000 events)
|-
| 1000 || ST
|
*Rate 2-2.5 kHz
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 n
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm || 036 (350,000 events)
|}

=Day 2 (December 9th)=

====Notes====
*HV on for 15 minutes before measurements started
*Background rate for Hexagonal Module (for 800 V on the PMT, with beam off and 2 mm collimator in place): 4.5 Hz
* Current at 800 V: 65.8 μA (with the beam off), 65.9 μA (with the beam on)

===Rate Tests===
{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.6 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V
*Note: energy dergadation measurements
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
|
*2 mm
*Flow rate: 1.1 cc/min
*Arc current: 0
| 037 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm || 038 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.5-2.7 kHz
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2mm || 039 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.1 kHz
*I: 74.2 μA
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2mm || 040 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST || || As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm || 041 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 4.5 kHz
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm || 042 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.5 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V / 5.07 mm
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*5.07 mm of PMMA, single plate placed ~1.8 m upstream of beam
| 043 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*5.07 mm of PMMA
| 044 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm
*5.07 mm of PMMA
| 045 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.2 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V / 5.07 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*5.07 mm of PMMA
| 046 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2mm
*5.07 mm of PMMA
| 047 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.5 kHz
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm
*5.07 mm of PMMA
| 048 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 2-2.2 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V / 9.8 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*9.8 mm of PMMA, single plate
| 049 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2mm
*9.8 mm of PMMA
| 050 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 60 ns
| 2 mm
*9.8 mm of PMMA
| 051 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.8 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V / 9.8 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2mm
*9.8 mm of PMMA
| 052 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
* 9.8 mm of PMMA
| 053 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2mm
*9.8 mm of PMMA
|054 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 1.8 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V / 14.12 mm
| As above
| 2 mm
*14.12 mm of PMMA, single plate
| 055 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*14.12 mm of PMMA
| 056 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*14.12 mm of PMMA
| 057 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 1.7 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V / 14.12 mm
| As above
| 2 mm
*14.12 mm of PMMA
| 058 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*14.12 mm of PMMA
| 059 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm
*14.12 mm of PMMA
| 060 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 1 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V / 17.94 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2mm
*17.94 mm of PMMA (9.04 mm + 8.9 mm plates)
| 061 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*17.94 mm of PMMA
| 062 (300,000 events)
|-
|800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm
*17.94 mss of PMMA
| 063 (300,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 830 Hz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V / 17.94 mm
*Note: Automatic beam off during run
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
* 17.94 mm of PMMA
| 064 (143,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 1.2 kHz
| As above
| 2mm
*17.94 mm of PMMA
| 065 (315,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*17.94 mm of PMMA
| 066 (300,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm
*17.94 mm of PMMA
| 067 (300,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 330 Hz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V / 19.94 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*19.94 mm of PMMA (9.04 mm + 10.9 mm plates)
| 068 (200,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*19.94 mm of PMMA
| 069 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2mm
*19.94 mm of PMMA
| 070 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 590 Hz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V / 19.94 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*19.94 mm of PMMA
| 071 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*19.94 mm of PMMA
| 072 (250,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 600 Hz
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 60 ns
| 2 mm
*19.94 mm of PMMA
| 073 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 400 Hz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V / 21.71 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*21.21 mm of PMMA (9.04 mm + 12.67 mm plates)
| 074 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*21.71 mm of PMMA
| 075 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm
*21.71 mm of PMM
| 076 (200,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 500 Hz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V / 21.71 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*21.71 mm of PMMA
| 077 (200,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2mm
*21.71 mm of PMMA
| 078 (120,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2mm
*21.71 mm of PMMA
| 079 (100,000 events)
|-
| 1100 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.5 kHz
*I: 90.55 μA
*wd: 2 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
| 080 (200,000 events)
|-
| 1100 || ST ||
| As above+
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
| 081 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 400 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / tests
*Note: Beam manipulation tests
*Note: Large pile up
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*Flow rate: 1.6 cc/min
*Arc current: 150 μA
*Dose rate: 2 monitor units/minute
| 082 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 1 kHz
| As above
| 2 mm, As above +
* Arc current: 1 mA
*Dephase: 190°
| 083 (100,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 60 kHz
| As above
| 2 mm, As above +
* Dephase: 186°
| 084 (3,250,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 200 kHz
| As above
| 2 mm, As above +
*Dephase: 184.5°
*Dose rate: 0.6 monitor units/minute
| 085 (2,865,000 events)
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate: 1.4-1.7 kHz
*I: 232.75 μA
*wd: 2 mm / Cerenekov
*Note: Cerenekov tests
| As above
| 2 mm
*Flow rate: 1.6 cc/min
*Arc current: 75 μA
| 086 (350,000 events)
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.9 kHz
| As above
| 2 mm, As above +
*Arc current: 160 μA
| 087 (300,000 events)
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate (beam off): 7-8 Hz
*Rate (beam on): 3.2 kHz
| As above
|
*Beam stop: 16 mm of brass in nozzle
*Beam parameters as above
| 088 (100,000 events)
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate (beam off): 3Hz
*Rate (beam on): 500 Hz
| As above
| Beam stop:
*Nozzle: 16 mm of brass
*Upstream: 1 cm of lead + 3 cm of paraffin wax
| 089 (37,000 events)
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate (beam off): 3 Hz
*Rate (beam on): 400 Hz
| As above
| Beam stop:
*Nozzle: 16 mm of breass
*Upstream: 20 cm of lead
| '''N/A'''
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate (beam off): 2.5 Hz
*Rate (beam on): 400 hz
*Note: Black cloth now covers the entrance face to prevent PMT tripping when corridor lights are switched on
| As above
| Beam stop:
*Nozzle: empty
*Upstream: 20 cm of lead
| '''N/A'''
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate (beam off): 2 Hz
*Rate (beam on): PMT trips from over-current
*After tripping, the PMT is swithced back on and the rate is monitored. The rates decrease back to the background rate over a few minutes:
**5.88 Hz
**5 Hz
**4.34 Hz
**4.29 Hz
**3.33 Hz
**3.06 Hz
**3.13 Hz
**2.25 Hz
**2.10 Hz
| As above
| Beam stop:
*Nozzle: empty
*Upstream: empty
| '''N/A'''
|}

==Beam Manipulation Tests==
*2 mm collimator in nozzle, 800 V

{| class = "wikitable"
! Flow Rate, cc/minute !! Arc Current !! Dose Rate, monitor units/minute !! Dephase, ° !! Rate !! PMT Current, μA
|-
| 1.6 || 0 || || || 4-5 kHz || 69.95
|-
| 1.6 || 70 μA || 1 || || 250 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || Dropped compared to previous || 0.5 || || 140 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || Increased compared to previous || 2 || || 400 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 115 μA || 2.2 || || 400 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || || 3.4 || || 300 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 150 μA || 2.1 || || 400 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 150 μA || 0.5 || 183 || 150 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 150 μA || 0.1 || 185 || 40 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 150 μA || 0 || 190 || 300 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 1 mA || 0 || 190 || 1 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 1 ma || 0.2 || 186 || 60 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 1 mA || 0.6 || 184.5 || 200 kHz ||
|}

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2016/Nov24-25

2017-07-24T17:50:38Z

DanWalker:

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

__TOC__

=Day 1 (November 24th)=

====Notes====
*Distance between the collimator exit and scintillator: 30 cm
*Distance between the collimator exit and the start of the wheel: 3.7 cm
*Distance between the scintillator edge and upstream edge of the wheel: 25.3 cm
*Peak current estimate at -900 V (-100 mV threshold): 11.2 mA

===2" PMT(UCL) + 3 cm Rate Tests===

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 30 kHz
*I (beam off): 151.65 μA
*I (beam on): 152.35 μA
|
*DC offet: -30
*Rec. length: 456
*Threshold: 40
*Gate offset: 10
*Short gate: 100
*Long gate: 150
*BL mean: 32
*Charge sensitivity: 20 fc/LSB
| 1.98 mm
*Dose rate: 0.1
*Arc current: 0 (just struck)
*Gas flow: 1.1 cc/min
| '''N/A'''
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 30 kHz @ -100 mV
*Scattering foil current (SFC): 8 pA
| Pre-trigger: 50 ns || || 001 (~9,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 003
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 35 pA
*I: 155.3 μA
|
|
*Arc current: 0.1 mA
*Gas flow: 1.1 cc/min
| 004 (~12,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 006
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 100 kHz
*SFC: 35 pA
*I 155.3 μA
|
|
*Arc current: 0.1 mA
*Gas flow: 1.1 cc/min
| 007 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after ~66 minutes of running: ~6
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate:222 kHz
*SFC: 140 pA
*I: 180.6 μA
| Beam dropped || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 009 (~100 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || Rerun of above (ADC) || || 010 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1.9 GB) || 012
|-
|colspan = "6"| Integrated dose after 17 minutes of running:
*Dose A: 33.1
*Dose B: 32.8
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 15 pA
*I: 153.2 μA
| ||
*Arc current: just struck
*Pulse height: ~460 mV
| 013 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1.5 GB) || 015
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 300 kHz
*SFC: 0.3 nA
*I: 197.5 μA
| || || 016 (~1,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~2.5 GB) || 018
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 200 kHz
*SFC: 0.1 nA
*I: ~172 μA
| || Pulse height ~1 V (900 mV) || 019 (~5,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || Beam energy dropping off towards end of (file?) || DC offset: -35 || Waveforms (~1.6 GB) || 020
|-
| -900 || ST || || Rerun ADC to ensure no clipping, beam shifted during run || || 021 (~5,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || Second rerun, beam shifted || || 022
|-
| -900 || ST || || Third rerun, improved stability but still shifting || || 023 (~3,500 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 400 kHz
*SFC: 0.5 nA
*I: 210 μA
| || || 024 (~2,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 15 pA
*I: 153.1 μA
| Back to lower rates || || | 026 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1.5 GB) || 027
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 92 minutes of running:
*Dose A: 258.3
*Dose B: 255.8
|-
|colspan="6"| Simultaneous data collection with scope + digitiser using 50 Ω Leno splitter and barrels
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 16 pA
*I: 153.3 μA
| DC offset: -30 || || 028 (~20,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms collected at same time as scope (~1.5 GB) || 029
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 200 kHz
*SFC: 100 pA
*I: 168.5 μA
| || || 030 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms in sync with scope (~1.2 GB) || 031
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 400 kHz
*SFC: ~500 pA
*I: (no record)
| Beam dropped during run || || 032 (~1,6000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms in sync with scope (~1.5 GB) || 035
|-
| -900 || ST || || Rerun of ADC with stable beam || || 034 (~2,500 events in peak)
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 32 minutes of running
*Dose A: 93.8
*Dose B: 92.9
|}

===Scattering foil current vs scope rates===
{| class = "wikitable"
! Scope Rate (kHz) !! Scattering Foil Current
|-
| 25-30 || 8 pA
|-
| 50 || 15 pA
|-
| 100 kHz || 35-36 pA
|-
| 300 kHz || 0.3 nA
|-
| 200 kHz || 0.1 nA
|-
| 400 kHz || 0.48 nA - 0.55 nA
|}

===Lecroy Scope Data===

{| class = "wikitable"
! Absorber !! Position !! Rate !! File Directory !! File Numbers !! Notes
|-
| None (60 MeV Beam) || N/A || 30 kHz - 25 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_30kHz || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -100 mv, Acq. Window: 1 μs
|-
| None || N/A || 30 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_30kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || As above, Acq. Window: ~100 μs
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz || 00-50: Binary || Acq. Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: -400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 100 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_100kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 100 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_100kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 222 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_250kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 222 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_250kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz_retest || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 300 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_300kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 300 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_300kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 200 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_200kHz_retest || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_400kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_400kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz_finaltest || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_50kHz || 00-50: Binary (In sync with digitiser) || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: -400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 200 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_200kHz || >50: Binary (In sync with digitiser) || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: -400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_400kHz || >50: Binary (In sync with digitiser) || Trigger threshold: -10 mV, Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_400kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0ns
|}

=Day 2 (25th November)=

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*I (beam off): 151.45 μA
*I (beam on): 151.50 μA
*Rate: 50 kHz
|
|1.98 mm
*Wheel: 0
| 001 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 15 pA || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 002
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 18 pA || || Wheel: 20 || 003 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 19 pA || || Wheel: 40 || 004 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 19 pA || || Wheel: 60 || 005 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 19 pA || || Wheel: 80 || 006 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 100 || 007 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 008
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 110 || 009 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 120 || 010 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 130 || 011 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 140 || 012 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 145 || 013 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 150 || 014 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 151 || 015 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 16 pA || || Wheel: 155 || 016 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 158 || 017 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 160 || 018 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 162 || 019 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 165 || 020 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 166 || 021 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 167 || 022 (~7,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 169 || 023 (~5,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 170 || 024 (~4,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 171 || 025 (~1,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 173 || 026 (~150 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 175 || 027 (~35 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 176 || 028 (~35 in events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC:16 pA || || Wheel: 164 || 029 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 0 || 030 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 91 minutes of running
*Dose A: 23.2
*Dose B: 23.1
|}

===Wheel Equivalent PMMA Plates Tests===

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 18 pA
*I : 152.75 μA
| Actual PMMA plate used: 7.24 mm || PMMA corresponding to wheel pos. 40, 7.2 mm PMMA / 8.3 mm water, in the same position as the wheel || 031 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 032
|-
| -900 || ST || || || 7.24 mm of PMMA upstream of beam (usual spot) || 033 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 03
|-
| -900 || ST || || || PMMA corresponding to wheel pos. 80 / 13.4 mm PMMA / 15.6 mm water in the same position as the wheel || 035 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 036
|-
| -900 || ST || || || 13.4 mm of PMMA upstream of beam (usual spot) || 037 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 038
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 22 minutes of running
*Dose A: 4.3
*Dose B: 4.3
|}

===Lecroy Scope Data===

{|class="wikitable"
!Absorber
!Position
!Rate
!File Directory
!File Numbers
!Noets
|-
| Wheel || 20 ||
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 14 pA
| 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_4.2mm || 00-50: Binary
|
*Window: 1 μs
*Trigger time: -400 ns
*Trigger: -100 mV
*~305 mV amplitude
|-
| Wheel || 100 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_16.3mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -50 mV
|-
| Wheel || 140 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_22.3mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -35 mV
|-
| Wheel || 158 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_25mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -20 mV
|-
| Wheel || 169 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_26.7mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -15 mV
|-
| Wheel || 173 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_27.3mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -15 mV
|-
| Wheel || 182 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_30mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -15 mV
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose over 47 minutes of running
*Dose A: 9.7
*Dose B: 9.7
|}

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2016/Nov24-25

2017-07-24T17:47:01Z

DanWalker: Corrected errors in tables added section headings and table of contents

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

__TOC__

=Day 1 (November 24th)=

===2" PMT(UCL) + 3 cm Rate Tests===

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 30 kHz
*I (beam off): 151.65 μA
*I (beam on): 152.35 μA
|
*DC offet: -30
*Rec. length: 456
*Threshold: 40
*Gate offset: 10
*Short gate: 100
*Long gate: 150
*BL mean: 32
*Charge sensitivity: 20 fc/LSB
| 1.98 mm
*Dose rate: 0.1
*Arc current: 0 (just struck)
*Gas flow: 1.1 cc/min
| '''N/A'''
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 30 kHz @ -100 mV
*Scattering foil current (SFC): 8 pA
| Pre-trigger: 50 ns || || 001 (~9,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 003
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 35 pA
*I: 155.3 μA
|
|
*Arc current: 0.1 mA
*Gas flow: 1.1 cc/min
| 004 (~12,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 006
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 100 kHz
*SFC: 35 pA
*I 155.3 μA
|
|
*Arc current: 0.1 mA
*Gas flow: 1.1 cc/min
| 007 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after ~66 minutes of running: ~6
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate:222 kHz
*SFC: 140 pA
*I: 180.6 μA
| Beam dropped || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 009 (~100 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || Rerun of above (ADC) || || 010 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1.9 GB) || 012
|-
|colspan = "6"| Integrated dose after 17 minutes of running:
*Dose A: 33.1
*Dose B: 32.8
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 15 pA
*I: 153.2 μA
| ||
*Arc current: just struck
*Pulse height: ~460 mV
| 013 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1.5 GB) || 015
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 300 kHz
*SFC: 0.3 nA
*I: 197.5 μA
| || || 016 (~1,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~2.5 GB) || 018
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 200 kHz
*SFC: 0.1 nA
*I: ~172 μA
| || Pulse height ~1 V (900 mV) || 019 (~5,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || Beam energy dropping off towards end of (file?) || DC offset: -35 || Waveforms (~1.6 GB) || 020
|-
| -900 || ST || || Rerun ADC to ensure no clipping, beam shifted during run || || 021 (~5,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || Second rerun, beam shifted || || 022
|-
| -900 || ST || || Third rerun, improved stability but still shifting || || 023 (~3,500 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 400 kHz
*SFC: 0.5 nA
*I: 210 μA
| || || 024 (~2,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 15 pA
*I: 153.1 μA
| Back to lower rates || || | 026 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1.5 GB) || 027
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 92 minutes of running:
*Dose A: 258.3
*Dose B: 255.8
|-
|colspan="6"| Simultaneous data collection with scope + digitiser using 50 Ω Leno splitter and barrels
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 16 pA
*I: 153.3 μA
| DC offset: -30 || || 028 (~20,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms collected at same time as scope (~1.5 GB) || 029
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 200 kHz
*SFC: 100 pA
*I: 168.5 μA
| || || 030 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms in sync with scope (~1.2 GB) || 031
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 400 kHz
*SFC: ~500 pA
*I: (no record)
| Beam dropped during run || || 032 (~1,6000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms in sync with scope (~1.5 GB) || 035
|-
| -900 || ST || || Rerun of ADC with stable beam || || 034 (~2,500 events in peak)
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 32 minutes of running
*Dose A: 93.8
*Dose B: 92.9
|}

====Notes====
*Distance between the collimator exit and scintillator: 30 cm
*Distance between the collimator exit and the start of the wheel: 3.7 cm
*Distance between the scintillator edge and upstream edge of the wheel: 25.3 cm
*Peak current estimate at -900 V (-100 mV threshold): 11.2 mA

===Scattering foil current vs scope rates===
{| class = "wikitable"
! Scope Rate (kHz) !! Scattering Foil Current
|-
| 25-30 || 8 pA
|-
| 50 || 15 pA
|-
| 100 kHz || 35-36 pA
|-
| 300 kHz || 0.3 nA
|-
| 200 kHz || 0.1 nA
|-
| 400 kHz || 0.48 nA - 0.55 nA
|}

===Lecroy Scope Data===

{| class = "wikitable"
! Absorber !! Position !! Rate !! File Directory !! File Numbers !! Notes
|-
| None (60 MeV Beam) || N/A || 30 kHz - 25 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_30kHz || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -100 mv, Acq. Window: 1 μs
|-
| None || N/A || 30 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_30kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || As above, Acq. Window: ~100 μs
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz || 00-50: Binary || Acq. Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: -400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 100 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_100kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 100 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_100kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 222 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_250kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 222 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_250kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz_retest || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 300 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_300kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 300 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_300kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 200 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_200kHz_retest || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_400kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_400kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz_finaltest || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_50kHz || 00-50: Binary (In sync with digitiser) || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: -400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 200 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_200kHz || >50: Binary (In sync with digitiser) || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: -400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_400kHz || >50: Binary (In sync with digitiser) || Trigger threshold: -10 mV, Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_400kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0ns
|}

=Day 2 (25th November)=

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*I (beam off): 151.45 μA
*I (beam on): 151.50 μA
*Rate: 50 kHz
|
|1.98 mm
*Wheel: 0
| 001 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 15 pA || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 002
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 18 pA || || Wheel: 20 || 003 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 19 pA || || Wheel: 40 || 004 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 19 pA || || Wheel: 60 || 005 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 19 pA || || Wheel: 80 || 006 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 100 || 007 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 008
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 110 || 009 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 120 || 010 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 130 || 011 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 140 || 012 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 145 || 013 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 150 || 014 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 151 || 015 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 16 pA || || Wheel: 155 || 016 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 158 || 017 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 160 || 018 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 162 || 019 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 165 || 020 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 166 || 021 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 167 || 022 (~7,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 169 || 023 (~5,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 170 || 024 (~4,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 171 || 025 (~1,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 173 || 026 (~150 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 175 || 027 (~35 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 176 || 028 (~35 in events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC:16 pA || || Wheel: 164 || 029 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 0 || 030 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 91 minutes of running
*Dose A: 23.2
*Dose B: 23.1
|}

===Wheel Equivalent PMMA Plates Tests===

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 18 pA
*I : 152.75 μA
| Actual PMMA plate used: 7.24 mm || PMMA corresponding to wheel pos. 40, 7.2 mm PMMA / 8.3 mm water, in the same position as the wheel || 031 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 032
|-
| -900 || ST || || || 7.24 mm of PMMA upstream of beam (usual spot) || 033 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 03
|-
| -900 || ST || || || PMMA corresponding to wheel pos. 80 / 13.4 mm PMMA / 15.6 mm water in the same position as the wheel || 035 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 036
|-
| -900 || ST || || || 13.4 mm of PMMA upstream of beam (usual spot) || 037 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 038
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 22 minutes of running
*Dose A: 4.3
*Dose B: 4.3
|}

===Lecroy Scope Data===

{|class="wikitable"
!Absorber
!Position
!Rate
!File Directory
!File Numbers
!Noets
|-
| Wheel || 20 ||
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 14 pA
| 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_4.2mm || 00-50: Binary
|
*Window: 1 μs
*Trigger time: -400 ns
*Trigger: -100 mV
*~305 mV amplitude
|-
| Wheel || 100 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_16.3mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -50 mV
|-
| Wheel || 140 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_22.3mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -35 mV
|-
| Wheel || 158 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_25mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -20 mV
|-
| Wheel || 169 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_26.7mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -15 mV
|-
| Wheel || 173 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_27.3mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -15 mV
|-
| Wheel || 182 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_30mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -15 mV
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose over 47 minutes of running
*Dose A: 9.7
*Dose B: 9.7
|}

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2016/Nov24-25

2017-07-23T13:55:48Z

DanWalker:

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

24/11/2016

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 30 kHz
*I (beam off): 151.65 μA
*I (beam on): 152.35 μA
|
*DC offet: -30
*Rec. length: 456
*Threshold: 40
*Gate offset: 10
*Short gate: 100
*Long gate: 150
*BL mean: 32
*Charge sensitivity: 20 fc/LSB
| 1.98 mm
*Dose rate: 0.1
*Arc current: 0 (just struck)
*Gas flow: 1.1 cc/min
| '''N/A'''
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 30 kHz @ -100 mV
*Scattering foil current (SFC): 8 pA
| Pre-trigger: 50 ns || || 001 (~9,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 003
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 35 pA
*I: 155.3 μA
|
|
*Arc current: 0.1 mA
*Gas flow: 1.1 cc/min
| 007 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after ~66 minutes of running: ~6
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate:222 kHz
*SFC: 140 pA
*I: 180.6 μA
| Beam dropped || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 009 (~100 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || Rerun of above (ADC) || || 010 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1.9 GB) || 012
|-
|colspan = "6"| Integrated dose after 17 minutes of running:
*Dose A: 33.1
*Dose B: 32.8
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 15 pA
*I: 153.2 μA
| ||
*Arc current: just struck
*Pulse height: ~460 mV
| 013 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1.5 GB) || 015
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 300 kHz
*SFC: 0.3 nA
*I: 197.5 μA
| || || 016 (~1,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || Waveforms (~2.5 GB) || 018
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 200 kHz
*SFC: 0.1 nA
*I: ~172 μA
| || Pulse height ~1 V (900 mV) || 019 (~5,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || Beam energy dropping off towards end of (file?) || DC offset: -35 || Waveforms (~1.6 GB) || 020
|-
| -900 || ST || || Rerun ADC to ensure no clipping, beam shifted during run || || 021 (~5,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || Second rerun, beam shifted || || 022
|-
| -900 || ST || || Third rerun, improved stability but still shifting || || 023 (~3,500 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 400 kHz
*SFC: 0.5 nA
*I: 210 μA
| || || 024 (~2,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 15 pA
*I: 153.1 μA
| Back to lower rates || | 026 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1.5 GB) || 027
|-
| colspan = "6" || Integrated dose after 92 minutes of running:
*Dose A: 258.3
*Dose B: 255.8
|-
|colspan="6"| Simultaneous data collection with scope + digitiser using 50 Ω Leno splitter and barrels
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 16 pA
*I: 153.3 μA
| DC offset: -30 || || 028 (~20,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms collected at same time as scope (~1.5 GB) || 029
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 200 kHz
*SFC: 100 pA
*I: 168.5 μA
| || || 030 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms in sync with scope (~1.2 GB) || 031
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 400 kHz
*SFC: ~500 pA
*I: (no record)
| Beam dropped during run || || 032 (~1,6000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms in sync with scope (~1.5 GB) || 035
|-
| -900 || ST || || Rerun of ADC with stable beam || || 034 (~2,500 events in peak)
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 32 minutes of running
*Dose A: 93.8
*Dose B: 92.9
|}

Notes:
*Distance between the collimator exit and scintillator: 30 cm
*Distance between the collimator exit and the start of the wheel: 3.7 cm
*Distance between the scintillator edge and upstream edge of the wheel: 25.3 cm
*Peak current estimate at -900 V (-100 mV threshold): 11.2 mA

Scattering foil current vs scope rates:
{| class = "wikitable"
! Scope Rate (kHz) !! Scattering Foil Current
|-
| 25-30 || 8 pA
|-
| 50 || 15 pA
|-
| 100 kHz || 35-36 pA
|-
| 300 kHz || 0.3 nA
|-
| 200 kHz || 0.1 nA
|-
| 400 kHz || 0.48 nA - 0.55 nA
|}

Lecroy Scope Data:

{| class = "wikitable"
! Absorber !! Position !! Rate !! File Directory !! File Numbers !! Notes
|-
| None (60 MeV Beam) || N/A || 30 kHz - 25 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_30kHz || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -100 mv, Acq. Window: 1 μs
|-
| None || N/A || 30 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_30kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || As above, Acq. Window: ~100 μs
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz || 00-50: Binary || Acq. Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: -400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 100 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_100kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 100 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_100kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 222 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_250kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 222 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_250kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz_retest || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 300 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_300kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 300 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_300kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 200 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_200kHz_retest || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_400kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_400kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz_finaltest || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_50kHz || 00-50: Binary (In sync with digitiser) || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: -400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 200 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_200kHz || >50: Binary (In sync with digitiser) || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: -400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_400kHz || >50: Binary (In sync with digitiser) || Trigger threshold: -10 mV, Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_400kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0ns
|}

25/11/2016

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*I (beam off): 151.45 μA
*I (beam on): 151.50 μA
*Rate: 50 kHz
|
|1.98 mm
*Wheel: 0
| 001 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 15 pA || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 002
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 18 pA || || Wheel: 20 || 003 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 19 pA || || Wheel: 40 || 004 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 19 pA || || Wheel: 60 || 005 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 19 pA || || Wheel: 80 || 006 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 100 || 007 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 008
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 110 || 009 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 120 || 010 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 130 || 011 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 140 || 012 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 145 || 013 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 150 || 014 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 151 || 015 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 16 pA || || Wheel: 155 || 016 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 158 || 017 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 160 || 018 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 162 || 019 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 165 || 020 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 166 || 021 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 167 || 022 (~7,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 169 || 023 (~5,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 170 || 024 (~4,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 171 || 025 (~1,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 173 || 026 (~150 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 175 || 027 (~35 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 176 || 028 (~35 in events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC:16 pA || || Wheel: 164 || 029 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 0 || 030 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 91 minutes of running
*Dose A: 23.2
*Dose B: 23.1
|}

Wheel Equivalent PMMA Plates Tests:

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 18 pA
*I : 152.75 μA
| Actual PMMA plate used: 7.24 mm || PMMA corresponding to wheel pos. 40, 7.2 mm PMMA / 8.3 mm water, in the same position as the wheel || 031 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 032
|-
| -900 || ST || || || 7.24 mm of PMMA upstream of beam (usual spot) || 033 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 03
|-
| -900 || ST || || || PMMA corresponding to wheel pos. 80 / 13.4 mm PMMA / 15.6 mm water in the same position as the wheel || 035 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 036
|-
| -900 || ST || || || 13.4 mm of PMMA upstream of beam (usual spot) || 037 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 038
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 22 minutes of running
*Dose A: 4.3
*Dose B: 4.3
|}

Lecroy Scope Data:

{|class="wikitable"
!Absorber
!Position
!Rate
!File Directory
!File Numbers
!Noets
|-
| Wheel || 20 ||
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 14 pA
| 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_4.2mm || 00-50: Binary
|
*Window: 1 μs
*Trigger time: -400 ns
*Trigger: -100 mV
*~305 mV amplitude
|-
| Wheel || 100 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_16.3mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -50 mV
|-
| Wheel || 140 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_22.3mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -35 mV
|-
| Wheel || 158 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_25mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -20 mV
|-
| Wheel || 169 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_26.7mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -15 mV
|-
| Wheel || 173 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_27.3mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -15 mV
|-
| Wheel || 182 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_30mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -15 mV
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose over 47 minutes of running
*Dose A: 9.7
*Dose B: 9.7
|}

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2014/Dec8-9

2017-07-23T13:52:11Z

DanWalker: Info dump: Word document notes from 08-09/12/2014 entered as tables with minimal formatting. Formatting and corrections to follow.

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

08/12/2014

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
|800 ||ST
|
HV on: 10.30 am, data taking: 11.00 am
*I: 65.8 μ
*Scope Threshold: 62 mV
*Rate: 430-500 Hz (after ~10 minutes of beam on)
|
*DC offset: 0
*Threshold 40LSB
*Gate offset: 20ns
*Charge sens.: 20 fC/LSB
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate:200 ns
|
*2 mm
*60 MeV beam
*Flow rate: 1.1 cc/min
*Arc current: 0
| 002 (150,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 630-1000 Hz
*wd: 3 mm
| As above || 3 mm || 003 (450,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.1-2.7 kHz
*wd: 5 mm
| As above || 5 mm || 004 (700,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.5-2.85 kHz
*wd: 4 mm
| As above || 4 mm || 005 (1,000,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 13-14 kHz
*wd: 8 mm
| As above || 8 mm || 006 (5,000,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 20-25 kHz
*wd: 10 mm
| As above || 10 mm || 007 (5,000,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 65-100 kHz
*Note: Beam off for lunch for ~1.5 hours
| As above || 10 mm (Repeat measurement - run 007) || 008 (4,600,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate 100 kHz
*Note: A lot of pile up
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 10 mm || 009 (3,000,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Note: A lot of pile up
| As above + Short gate: 49 ns, Long gate: 50 ns || 10 mm || 010 (2,500,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.3-3.6 kHz
*wd: 2 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm (Repeat measurement - run 002) || 011 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
|As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm || 012 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.2 kHz
| As above || 2 mm (Repeat measurement - run 012) || 013 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
|As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm || 014 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm (Repeat measurement - run 002) || 015 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 1.4 kHz
*wd: 1 mm
| As above || 1 mm || 016 (300,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 300-350 Hz
*wd: 0.5 mm
| As above || 0.5 mm, Cent red at 0 || 017 (320,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 300 Hz
| As above || 0.5 mm, 8 mm off centre, horizontal right || 018 (125,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 210 Hz
| As above || 0.5 mm, 16 mm off centre, horizontal right || 019 (100,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 300 Hz
|As above || 0.5 mm, 8 mm off centre, horizontal left || 020 (100,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 190 Hz
| As above || 0.5 mm, 16 mm off centre, horizontal left || 021 (100,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 310 Hz
|As avove || 0.5 mm, 8 mm off centre, vertical up || 022 (100,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 200 Hz
| As above || 0.5 mm, 8 mm off centre, vertical up || 023 (100,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.7 Hz (?)
*wd: 2 mm
| As above || 2 mm (Repeat measurement - run 002) || 024 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 4.3 Hz
| As above || 2 mm, Beam off (background run) || 025 (450 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 5.9 kHz
| As above || 2 mm, Flow rate: 1.3 cc/min || 026 (500,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 5.9-6 kHz
*Note: Peak shifted to higher ADC during running
| As above || 2 mm, Flow rate: 1.6 cc/min || 027 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: unstable
*Note: Peak stabilised at higher ADC
| As above || 2 mm || 028 (2,366,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate (0 current): 4.5 kHz
*Rate (1/4 of a turn of current): 4.5 kHz
*Rate (xurrent at 0.8-0.9): 250 kHz
| As above || 2 mm, Flow rate: 1.1 cc/min, Arc current: 1/10th of therapy setting (0.8-0.9) || 029 (3,200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate (~1 turn away from "off" position for arc current): 4.22 kHz
| As above || 2 mm, Arc current: ~1 turn away from "off" position || 030 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm || 032 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm || 033 (350,000 events)
|-
| 1000 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.9 kHz
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm || 034 (350,000 events)
|-
| 1000 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm || 035 (350,000 events)
|-
| 1000 || ST
|
*Rate 2-2.5 kHz
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 n
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm || 036 (350,000 events)
|}

Notes:
*Black cloth was placed around the box containing the module, but did NOT cover the face of the scintillator
*Distance between the beam and the modeule: ~30 cm (as for previous tests)
*Beam nozzle diameter: 34 mm

09/12/2014

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.6 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V
*Note: energy dergadation measurements
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
|
*2 mm
*Flow rate: 1.1 cc/min
*Arc current: 0
| 037 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm || 038 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.5-2.7 kHz
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2mm || 039 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.1 kHz
*I: 74.2 μA
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2mm || 040 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST || As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm || 041 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 4.5 kHz
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm || 042 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.5 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V / 5.07 mm
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*5.07 mm of PMMA, single plate placed ~1.8 m upstream of beam
| 043 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*5.07 mm of PMMA
| 044 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm
*5.07 mm of PMMA
| 045 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.2 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V / 5.07 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*5.07 mm of PMMA
| 046 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2mm
*5.07 mm of PMMA
| 047 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 3.5 kHz
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm
*5.07 mm of PMMA
| 048 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 2-2.2 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V / 9.8 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*9.8 mm of PMMA, single plate
| 049 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2mm
*9.8 mm of PMMA
| 050 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 60 ns
| 2 mm
*9.8 mm of PMMA
| 051 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.8 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V / 9.8 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2mm
*9.8 mm of PMMA
| 052 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
* 9.8 mm of PMMA
| 053 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2mm
*9.8 mm of PMMA
|054 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 1.8 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V / 14.12 mm
| As above
| 2 mm
*14.12 mm of PMMA, single plate
| 055 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*14.12 mm of PMMA
| 056 (350,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*14.12 mm of PMMA
| 057 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 1.7 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V / 14.12 mm
| As above
| 2 mm
*14.12 mm of PMMA
| 058 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*14.12 mm of PMMA
| 059 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm
*14.12 mm of PMMA
| 060 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 1 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V / 17.94 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2mm
*17.94 mm of PMMA (9.04 mm + 8.9 mm plates)
| 061 (350,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*17.94 mm of PMMA
| 062 (300,000 events)
|-
|800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm
*17.94 mss of PMMA
| 063 (300,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 830 Hz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V / 17.94 mm
*Note: Automatic beam off during run
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
* 17.94 mm of PMMA
| 064 (143,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 1.2 kHz
| As above
| 2mm
*17.94 mm of PMMA
| 065 (315,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*17.94 mm of PMMA
| 066 (300,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm
*17.94 mm of PMMA
| 067 (300,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 330 Hz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V / 19.94 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*19.94 mm of PMMA (9.04 mm + 10.9 mm plates)
| 068 (200,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*19.94 mm of PMMA
| 069 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2mm
*19.94 mm of PMMA
| 070 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 590 Hz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V / 19.94 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*19.94 mm of PMMA
| 071 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*19.94 mm of PMMA
| 072 (250,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 600 Hz
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 60 ns
| 2 mm
*19.94 mm of PMMA
| 073 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 400 Hz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 800 V / 21.71 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*21.21 mm of PMMA (9.04 mm + 12.67 mm plates)
| 074 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
*21.71 mm of PMMA
| 075 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2 mm
*21.71 mm of PMM
| 076 (200,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 500 Hz
*wd: 2 mm / lin / 900 V / 21.71 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*21.71 mm of PMMA
| 077 (200,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2mm
*21.71 mm of PMMA
| 078 (120,000 events)
|-
| 900 || ST ||
| As above +
*Short gate: 49 ns
*Long gate: 50 ns
| 2mm
*21.71 mm of PMMA
| 079 (100,000 events)
|-
| 1100 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.5 kHz
*I: 90.55 μA
*wd: 2 mm
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
| 080 (200,000 events)
|-
| 1100 || ST ||
| As above+
*Long gate: 100 ns
| 2 mm
| 081 (200,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 400 kHz
*wd: 2 mm / tests
*Note: Beam manipulation tests
*Note: Large pile up
| As above +
*Short gate: 60 ns
*Long gate: 200 ns
| 2 mm
*Flow rate: 1.6 cc/min
*Arc current: 150 μA
*Dose rate: 2 monitor units/minute
| 082 (3,000,000 events)
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 1 kHz
| As above
| 2 mm, As above +
* Arc current: 1 mA
*Dephase: 190°
| 083 (100,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 60 kHz
| As above
| 2 mm, As above +
* Dephase: 186°
| 084 (3,250,000 events)
|-
| 800 || ST
|
*Rate: 200 kHz
| As above
| 2 mm, As above +
*Dephase: 184.5°
*Dose rate: 0.6 monitor units/minute
| 085 (2,865,000 events)
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate: 1.4-1.7 kHz
*I: 232.75 μA
*wd: 2 mm / Cerenekov
*Note: Cerenekov tests
| As above
| 2 mm
*Flow rate: 1.6 cc/min
*Arc current: 75 μA
| 086 (350,000 events)
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate: 2.9 kHz
| As above
| 2 mm, As above +
*Arc current: 160 μA
| 087 (300,000 events)
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate (beam off): 7-8 Hz
*Rate (beam on): 3.2 kHz
| As above
|
*Beam stop: 16 mm of brass in nozzle
*Beam parameters as above
| 088 (100,000 events)
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate (beam off): 3Hz
*Rate (beam on): 500 Hz
| As above
| Beam stop:
*Nozzle: 16 mm of brass
*Upstream: 1 cm of lead + 3 cm of paraffin wax
| 089 (37,000 events)
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate (beam off): 3 Hz
*Rate (beam on): 400 Hz
| As above
| Beam stop:
*Nozzle: 16 mm of breass
*Upstream: 20 cm of lead
| '''N/A'''
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate (beam off): 2.5 Hz
*Rate (beam on): 400 hz
*Note: Black cloth now covers the entrance face to prevent PMT tripping when corridor lights are switched on
| As above
| Beam stop:
*Nozzle: empty
*Upstream: 20 cm of lead
| '''N/A'''
|-
| 1300 || ST
|
*Rate (beam off): 2 Hz
*Rate (beam on): PMT trips from over-current
*After tripping, the PMT is swithced back on and the rate is monitored. The rates decrease back to the background rate over a few minutes:
**5.88 Hz
**5 Hz
**4.34 Hz
**4.29 Hz
**3.33 Hz
**3.06 Hz
**3.13 Hz
**2.25 Hz
**2.10 Hz
| As above
| Beam stop:
*Nozzle: empty
*Upstream: empty
| '''N/A'''
|}

Notes:
*HV on for 15 minutes before measurements started
*Background rate for Hexagonal Module (for 800 V on the PMT, with beam off and 2 mm collimator in place): 4.5 Hz
* Current at 800 V: 65.8 μA (with the beam off), 65.9 μA (with the bea on)

Beam Manipulation Tests:
*2 mm collimator in nozzle, 800 V

{| class = "wikitable"
! Flow Rate, cc/minute !! Arc Current !! Dose Rate, monitor units/minute !! Dephase, ° !! Rate !! PMT Current, μA
|-
| 1.6 || 0 || || || 4-5 kHz || 69.95
|-
| 1.6 || 70 μA || 1 || || 250 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || Dropped compared to previous || 0.5 || || 140 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || Increased compared to previous || 2 || || 400 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 115 μA || 2.2 || || 400 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || || 3.4 || || 300 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 150 μA || 2.1 || || 400 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 150 μA || 0.5 || 183 || 150 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 150 μA || 0.1 || 185 || 40 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 150 μA || 0 || 190 || 300 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 1 mA || 0 || 190 || 1 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 1 ma || 0.2 || 186 || 60 kHz ||
|-
| 1.6 || 1 mA || 0.6 || 184.5 || 200 kHz ||
|}

Proton Calorimetry/Experimental Runs/2016/Nov24-25

2017-07-23T13:43:08Z

DanWalker: Info dump: Handwritten notes from 24-25/11/2016 entered as tables with minimal formatting. Formatting and corrections to follow.

Include all details of experimental runs from Anastasia's PDFs.

'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''

24/11/2016

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 30 kHz
*I (beam off): 151.65 μA
*I (beam on): 152.35 μA
|
*DC offet: -30
*Rec. length: 456
*Threshold: 40
*Gate offset: 10
*Short gate: 100
*Long gate: 150
*BL mean: 32
*Charge sensitivity: 20 fc/LSB
| 1.98 mm
*Dose rate: 0.1
*Arc current: 0 (just struck)
*Gas flow: 1.1 cc/min
| '''N/A'''
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 30 kHz @ -100 mV
*Scattering foil current (SFC): 8 pA
| Pre-trigger: 50 ns || || 001 (~9,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 003
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 35 pA
*I: 155.3 μA
|
|
*Arc current: 0.1 mA
*Gas flow: 1.1 cc/min
| 007 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after ~66 minutes of running: ~6
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate:222 kHz
*SFC: 140 pA
*I: 180.6 μA
| Beam dropped || Waveforms (~2 GB) || 009 (~100 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || Rerun of above (ADC) || || 010 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1.9 GB) || 012
|colspan = "6"| Integrated dose after 17 minutes of running:
*Dose A: 33.1
*Dose B: 32.8
|-
| 900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 15 pA
*I: 153.2 μA
| ||
*Arc current: just struck
*Pulse height: ~460 mV
| 013 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1.5 GB) || 015
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 300 kHz
*SFC: 0.3 nA
*I: 197.5 μA
| || || 016 (~1,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || Waveforms (~2.5 GB) || 018
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 200 kHz
*SFC: 0.1 nA
*I: ~172 μA
| || Pulse height ~1 V (900 mV) || 019 (~5,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || Beam energy dropping off towards end of (file?) || DC offset: -35 || Waveforms (~1.6 GB) || 020
|-
| -900 || ST || || Rerun ADC to ensure no clipping, beam shifted during run || || 021 (~5,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || Second rerun, beam shifted || || 022
|-
| -900 || ST || || Third rerun, improved stability but still shifting || || 023 (~3,500 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 400 kHz
*SFC: 0.5 nA
*I: 210 μA
| || || 024 (~2,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 15 pA
*I: 153.1 μA
| Back to lower rates || | 026 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1.5 GB) || 027
|-
| colspan = "6" || Integrated dose after 92 minutes of running:
*Dose A: 258.3
*Dose B: 255.8
|-
|colspan="6"| Simultaneous data collection with scope + digitiser using 50 Ω Leno splitter and barrels
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 16 pA
*I: 153.3 μA
| DC offset: -30 || || 028 (~20,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms collected at same time as scope (~1.5 GB) || 029
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 200 kHz
*SFC: 100 pA
*I: 168.5 μA
| || || 030 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms in sync with scope (~1.2 GB) || 031
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 400 kHz
*SFC: ~500 pA
*I: (no record)
| Beam dropped during run || || 032 (~1,6000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms in sync with scope (~1.5 GB) || 035
|-
| -900 || ST || || Rerun of ADC with stable beam || || 034 (~2,500 events in peak)
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 32 minutes of running
*Dose A: 93.8
*Dose B: 92.9
|}

Notes:
*Distance between the collimator exit and scintillator: 30 cm
*Distance between the collimator exit and the start of the wheel: 3.7 cm
*Distance between the scintillator edge and upstream edge of the wheel: 25.3 cm
*Peak current estimate at -900 V (-100 mV threshold): 11.2 mA

Scattering foil current vs scope rates:
{| class = "wikitable"
! Scope Rate (kHz) !! Scattering Foil Current
|-
| 25-30 || 8 pA
|-
| 50 || 15 pA
|-
| 100 kHz || 35-36 pA
|-
| 300 kHz || 0.3 nA
|-
| 200 kHz || 0.1 nA
|-
| 400 kHz || 0.48 nA - 0.55 nA
|}

Lecroy Scope Data:

{| class = "wikitable"
! Absorber !! Position !! Rate !! File Directory !! File Numbers !! Notes
|-
| None (60 MeV Beam) || N/A || 30 kHz - 25 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_30kHz || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -100 mv, Acq. Window: 1 μs
|-
| None || N/A || 30 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_30kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || As above, Acq. Window: ~100 μs
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz || 00-50: Binary || Acq. Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: -400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 100 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_100kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 100 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_100kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 222 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_250kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 222 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_250kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz_retest || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 300 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_300kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 300 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_300kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 200 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_200kHz_retest || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_400kHz || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_400kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_ratetests_50kHz_finaltest || 00-50: Binary || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 50 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_50kHz || 00-50: Binary (In sync with digitiser) || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: -400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 200 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_200kHz || >50: Binary (In sync with digitiser) || Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: -400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_400kHz || >50: Binary (In sync with digitiser) || Trigger threshold: -10 mV, Window: 1 μs, Trigger time: 400 ns
|-
| None || N/A || 400 kHz || 1.98mmcol_caencomparison_400kHz_peakcount || 00-50: Binary || Window: 100 μs, Trigger time: 0ns
|}

25/11/2016

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*I (beam off): 151.45 μA
*I (beam on): 151.50 μA
*Rate: 50 kHz
|
|1.98 mm
*Wheel: 0
| 001 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 15 pA || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 002
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 18 pA || || Wheel: 20 || 003 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 19 pA || || Wheel: 40 || 004 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 19 pA || || Wheel: 60 || 005 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 19 pA || || Wheel: 80 || 006 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 100 || 007 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 008
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 110 || 009 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 120 || 010 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 130 || 011 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 140 || 012 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 145 || 013 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 150 || 014 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 151 || 015 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC: 16 pA || || Wheel: 155 || 016 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 158 || 017 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 160 || 018 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 162 || 019 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 165 || 020 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 166 || 021 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 167 || 022 (~7,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 169 || 023 (~5,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 170 || 024 (~4,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 171 || 025 (~1,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 173 || 026 (~150 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 175 || 027 (~35 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 176 || 028 (~35 in events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || SFC:16 pA || || Wheel: 164 || 029 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Wheel: 0 || 030 (~8,000 events in peak)
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 91 minutes of running
*Dose A: 23.2
*Dose B: 23.1
|}

Wheel Equivalent PMMA Plates Tests:

{|class="wikitable"
!High Voltage (V)
!Trigger
!Rate + Additional Information
!Electronics Setup
!Collimator Size + Additional Information
!Run Number
|-
| -900 || ST
|
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 18 pA
*I : 152.75 μA
| Actual PMMA plate used: 7.24 mm || PMMA corresponding to wheel pos. 40, 7.2 mm PMMA / 8.3 mm water, in the same position as the wheel || 031 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 032
|-
| -900 || ST || || || 7.24 mm of PMMA upstream of beam (usual spot) || 033 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 03
|-
| -900 || ST || || || PMMA corresponding to wheel pos. 80 / 13.4 mm PMMA / 15.6 mm water in the same position as the wheel || 035 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 036
|-
| -900 || ST || || || 13.4 mm of PMMA upstream of beam (usual spot) || 037 (~10,000 events in peak)
|-
| -900 || ST || || || Waveforms (~1 GB) || 038
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose after 22 minutes of running
*Dose A: 4.3
*Dose B: 4.3
|}

Lecroy Scope Data:

{|class="wikitable"
!Absorber
!Position
!Rate
!File Directory
!File Numbers
!Noets
|-
| Wheel || 20 ||
*Rate: 50 kHz
*SFC: 14 pA
| 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_4.2mm || 00-50: Binary
|
*Window: 1 μs
*Trigger time: -400 ns
*Trigger: -100 mV
*~305 mV amplitude
|-
| Wheel || 100 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_16.3mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -50 mV
|-
| Wheel || 140 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_22.3mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -35 mV
|-
| Wheel || 158 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_25mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -20 mV
|-
| Wheel || 169 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_26.7mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -15 mV
|-
| Wheel || 173 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_27.3mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -15 mV
|-
| Wheel || 182 || || 1.98mmcol_wheeltests_50kHz_30mm || 00-50: Binary || Trigger: -15 mV
|-
|colspan="6"| Integrated dose over 47 minutes of running
*Dose A: 9.7
*Dose B: 9.7
|}

Background/Radiobiology

2017-07-11T17:01:47Z

DanWalker: /* References */ Added some web links and DOI permalinks

Radiation is energy that travels through space and matter. It is of two types: electromagnetic (EM) and particulate (Table 1). EM radiation is massless and moves through a vacuum at 3×108 m/s. It can be ionising or non-ionising. Particulate radiation is energy in the form of subatomic particles [1]

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!|Electromagnetic Radiation
!colspan="3"|Particulate Radiation
|-
|rowspan="6"|In order of increasing frequency:
* Radio waves
* Microwaves
* Infrared
* Visible Light
* Ultraviolet
* X-rays — '''Indirectly ionising'''
* Gamma rays — '''Indirectly ionising'''
!Sub-Atomic Particle
!Elementary Charge
!Relative Atomic Mass
|-
|Alpha (''He24'') — '''directly ionising''' || +2 || 4
|-
|Proton (''H1'') — '''directly ionising''' || +1 || 1
|-
|Neutron (''n0'') — '''indirectly ionising''' || 0 || 1
|-
|Electron (''e-''/''β-'') — '''directly ionising''' || -1 || 0.0005
|-
|Positron (''e+''/''β+'') — '''directly ionising''' || +1 || 0.0005
|-
!colspan="4"|Table 1: Examples of particulate radiation. The charge and relative atomic mass of particulate radiation is also given <nowiki>[1,11]</nowiki>.
|}

[[File:Background-sources-of-radiation.png|thumb|Figure 1: Sources and relative contribution of background radiation [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/ <nowiki>[23]</nowiki>]|right|389px|link=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/]]

Directly ionising radiation strips electrons from atoms electrostatically. Indirectly ionising radiation causes electrons to be ejected from their atom by Compton scatter and the photoelectric effect. In the former, the fraction of the photon energy transferred to an outer electron is proportional to the cosine of the scatter angle. In the latter, all the photon energy is transferred to an inner electron. An electron must acquire an energy greater than its binding energy to be ejected [1].
The common sources of background radiation are given in Figure 1. The average exposure per year, per individual, is ≈2.4 mSv, which is equivalent to a fatal cancer risk of 0.012% for individuals aged between 30-60 [2,3]

== Terminology in nuclear medicine ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; max-width: 500px; margin-left: 1em;"
!Radiation
!LET (keV/μm)
|-
| 1.25 MeV Co60 γ-ray [5] || 0.25
|-
| 250 kVp x-rays [6] || 2
|-
| 10 MeV proton [6] || 5.7
|-
| 20 keV β-particle [7] || 10
|-
| 1 keV electrons [6] || 12.3
|-
| 5 MeV neutron [7] || 20
|-
| 5 MeV α particle [7] || 50
|-
!colspan="2"|Table 2: Linear energy transfer for a range of radiation types and energies. Alpha particles have the highest LET, and hence are most potent when inside the body, due to their low velocity and high mass.
|}

'''Linear energy transfer''' ('''LET''') describes how much energy (keV) a radiation-beam transfers to its surroundings per metre (Table 2). The '''LET''' of radiation increases with charge and mass, and decreases with kinetic energy [1]. The higher the '''LET''', the more biologically potent the radiation. The '''LET''' for particulate radiation increases as it loses energy whilst traversing a medium [4].

'''Relative biological effectiveness''' ('''RBE''') is the ratio of the dose of radiation of type x, '''Rx''' required to produce the same biological effect as a reference dose '''RR''' which is normally a high-energy x-ray beam (250 kVp) or a gamma-ray from Cobalt-60;

<blockquote>
{| style = "width:30%;"
|'''RBE''' = '''Rx''' &frasl; '''RR'''
| style = "text-align:left;"| for a given effect
| style = "width:30%; text-align:right;"| (1)
|}
</blockquote>

'''RBE''' increases with '''LET''' until a critical point of ≈100 keV/μm. The overkill region arises because the increasing dose has no further biological effect [1].

The '''RBE''' of radiation may vary depending on its subcellular distribution: for example, when situated outside the cell, Auger electrons have an RBE of ≈1; this value increases ≈10 - fold, however, when localised within the nucleus [8].
 

== Radiation Units ==

{| class="wikitable" style = "float: right;"
|-
!Radiation type
!Radiation weighting factor
|-
|X-rays
|1
|-
|Gamma-rays
|1
|-
|Electrons
|1
|-
|Positrons
|1
|-
|Protons > 2 MeV
|2
|-
|Alpha particles
|20
|}

The '''radiation-absorbed dose''' is the total energy absorbed by tissue. It is given in '''rad''' or '''Gray (Gy)''', 0.01 Gy = 1 rad. The '''equivalent dose''' is the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor, '''WR''' and is given in roentgen-Equivalent-Man (rem) or Sievert (Sv), 0.01 Sv = 1 rem. The '''effective''' dose, '''E''' (Eq-2) is the sum of the tissue-weighted equivalent dose, '''WT''' multiplied by the equivalent dose, '''HT''' for all tissue types, '''T'''. It arises because the same equivalent dose of radiation has different biological effects on different tissues [1].

<blockquote>
{| style = "width:30%"
|'''E''' = '''∑T''' ( '''HT''' × '''WT''' )
|style="width:30%; text-align:right;" | (2)
|}
</blockquote>

== Biological Effects ==

The biological effects of ionising radiation are caused by the secondary electrons from an ionisation event, not the primary radiation beam [9]. These electrons deposit energy within tissues causing molecular damage and the formation of toxic chemical species. Although ionisation and free-radical production occur on a sub-second time scale, biological effects may take years to manifest. [10].

Free radicals such as hydroxyl (OH•) and hydrogen (H•) form when radiation interacts with water. Secondary and tertiary molecules including (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are then produced, and interact with endogenous nitrogen molecules such as nitric oxide (NO•) to produce reactive nitrogen species including nitrogen dioxide (NO2•) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). These molecules may cause DNA damage, protein oxidation or lipid damage [2].

Biological effects are classified as stochastic or deterministic. Stochastic effects are probabilistic: the likelihood of them developing increases with radiation dose. They are primarily caused by low-radiation doses and have no lower-bound threshold. Deterministic effects are dose-dependent: the severity of the biological effects increases with radiation dose; they have a lower-bound threshold and are primarily caused by high-dose radiation [1,11].

== Biological Range ==

Different types of radiation have different ranges in tissue (Table 3). Short-range radiation is used therapeutically to target localised lesions as it transfers its’ energy to surrounding cells more effectively than long-range radiation. Long-range radiation is used in medical imaging. Short-range radiation is more biologically potent.

{| class = "wikitable" style="max-width: 500px; margin-left: 1em;"
|-
!Radiation type
!Range in tissue
|-
|Auger electrons
|0.02-10 μm [12]
|-
|Alpha
|10-100 μm [13]
|-
|Beta
|few mm-few cm [14]
|-
|Gamma
|rowspan="3"|Many cm [14]
|-
|X-ray
|-
|Neutron
|-
!colspan="2"| Table 3 - Range of radiation in tissue. Radiation with a large mass, high charge and/or low energy have the shortest range.
|}

== Direct and Indirect Biological Effects ==

Direct effects, following ionisation or atomic excitation, include the breakage of molecular bonds of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or proteins, molecular degradation and intermolecular cross-linking. They occur within a picosecond of radiation exposure and are typically induced by high-LET radiation [2,15]. Indirect effects, due to low-LET radiation, occur over a longer period and are mediated by free radicals and reactive oxygen or nitrogen species [15]. The majority of DNA damage occurs due to indirect effects because water, the source of free radicals, contributes 70% of cellular composition [11]. However, direct DNA damage is more potent because radiation with a high-LET can induce multi-strand breaks [16]. Indirect effects may occur at a distance from the initial radiation site. In addition to DNA strand-breakages, base losses or changes also occur.
Non-irradiated cells may express radiation-induced biological effects secondary to the release of signals from directly-irradiated cells in their vicinity. This is termed the bystander effect and is distinct from the abscopal effect in which tumour cells distant from the primary radiation-site diminish in size. The latter is thought to be mediated by the immune system [17].
Although the number of DNA lesions is large for a given radiation dose (1000 single-strand breaks and 40 double-strand breaks per Gy [10]), the number of cell fatalities is low: most radiation-induced DNA changes are detected and repaired by enzymes. Persistent mutations can cause genetic and somatic effects, as well as cell death The consequence of an un-repaired mutation will depend, in part, on the biological function of the affected gene [10].

== Cellular Radiosensitivity ==

The radiosensitivity of a cell depends on several factors. First undifferentiated cells (those lacking a specific physiological role) are more radiosensitive than differentiated ones as the former give rise to the latter (Figure 2). Second, the stage of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2 and M): cells are least radiosensitive during the DNA replication (S-)phase because a large number of DNA repair molecules are present, and most radiosensitive during the (M)mitotic-stage. Third is the size of the nucleus: cells with larger nuclei are more radiosensitive. Fourth is the rate of the cell-cycle: cells that replicate more frequently are more radiosensitive as radiation-induced DNA damage is more likely to persist [11,18].

On a subcellular level, different organelles have different radiosensitivities: for example, both the cell membrane and nucleus are more radiosensitive than the cytoplasm [9,19].

The effect of radiation on cells can be visualised on a cell-survival curve, which plots the proportion of cells that survive at a particular absorbed dose of radiation (Figure 3).

The steepness of Figure 3b will increase in response to several factors including an elevated local cellular oxygen concentrations (as oxygen stabilises free radicals, prolonging their half-life) and radiation with a higher LET. The oxygen-enhancement ratio (OER) is the ratio of the radiation dose required to produce a particular biological effect in hypoxic cells, CH and oxygenated cells, CO; OER = CH/CO. Its value is ≈3 for low-LET radiation and ≈1 for high-LET radiation [10].

== Chronic and Acute Effects ==

Biological effects may be acute or chronic. Chronic effects arise following multiple low-dose radiation exposure events, primarily in slowly proliferating cells. The effects can be stochastic or deterministic and may manifest genetically (in future generations) or somatically (e.g: teratogenesis, reduced life expectancy); examples of deterministic effects along with their associated threshold-doses are given in Table 4. Stochastic effects include germ-cell mutations, and cancer: the likelihood of developing leukaemia or a solid cancer per 100 mSv is 1% [20].
{| class = "wikitable" style = "max-width: 700px;"
|-
!Biological effect
!Chronic exposure
!Total accumulated exposure threshold
|-
|Permanent sterility
|2-5 rad/week
|250-300 rad
|-
|Cataract
| --------
|400 rad (over 2 months)
|-
|Radiation dermatitis
|1-2 rad/day
|2000 rad
|-
!colspan="3"|Table 4 – Deterministic effects following a chronic exposure to radiation. For the effects to manifest, the accumulated dose over time must be, at least, equal to the threshold value given in the far-right column
|}

Data is obtained from: [1]

Acute effects arise shortly after exposure to a high radiation dose, primarily in rapidly proliferating cells, and include erythema, conjunctivitis and acute radiation sickness (ARS). Table 5 gives the acute radiation dose required to produce several different biological effects. ARS has a natural history that is divided into 4 stages (Fig.10). In the prodromal stage, non-specific symptoms such as nausea and vomiting arise. The latent phase may last several weeks. Haemopoetic symptoms such as prolonged coagulation time and a dampened immune response arise at 250-500 rad. Gastrointestinal effects including gut ulceration and loss of intestinal villi occur at 500-1000 rad. Neurovascular symptoms include motor- and sensory-dysfunction, and reduced levels of consciousness develop at 5000-10,000 rad. Mild symptoms of ARS include fatigue, loss of appetite and sweating [11,21]. Figure 4 illustrates the consequences of, and relationship between the different components of ARS.

Chronic exposures, per unit of radiation, are less biologically significant than acute exposures as the body is capable of repairing any damage incurred between exposure events [22].

{| class = "wikitable"
|-
!Biological effect
!Acute threshold radiation dose
|-
|Generalised erythema (skin reddening)
|200-600 rad
|-
|Temporary hair loss
|300-600 rad
|-
|Temporary sterility
|50 rad
|-
|Permanent sterility
|200-1000 rad (this effect is age dependent)
|-
|Cataract formation
|200-700 rad
|-
|style = "color: #549bf2;"| '''Vomiting 2 hours post-exposure'''
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''100-400 rad'''
|-
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''Diarrhoea 1 hour post-exposure'''
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''600-800 rad'''
|-
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''Headache 4 hours post-exposure'''
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''600-800 rad'''
|-
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''Fever 1 hour post-exposure'''
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''400-600 rad'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Table 5 – The threshold acute radiation doses for a variety of biological effects.
The biological effects highlighted in blue arise during the prodromal stage of ARS following an acute radiation threshold dose given in the right-hand column.
|}

Data is obtained from: [1]

== References ==

# Bushberg JT, Seibert JA, Leidholdt EM, Boone JM. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
# Reisz JA, Bansal N, Qian J, Zhao W, Furdui CM. Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules--mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014;21:260–92. Permalink: dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2013.5489
# ICRP. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103. Ann ICRP 2007;37:1–332. Permalink: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icrp.2007.11.001
# Laney T, Kooy H. Proton and Charged Particle Radiotherapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008. Permalink: dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2907963
# V C on the BE of IRB, Sciences C on L, Studies D on E and L, Council NR. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation:: BEIR V. National Academies; 1990. Permalink: dx.doi.org/10.2307/3577873
# International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation Biology: A Handbook for Teachers and Students. IAEA; 2010. Accessible online at: http://www-pub.iaea.org/books/IAEABooks/8219/Radiation-Biology-A-Handbook-for-Teachers-and-Students
# Dendy PP, Heaton B. Physics for Diagnostic Radiology, Third Edition. CRC Press; 1999.
# Howell RW, Narra VR, Sastry KS, Rao D V. On the equivalent dose for Auger electron emitters. Radiat Res 1993;134:71–8. Permalink: dx.doi.org/10.2307/3578503
# Mayles P, Nahum A, Rosenwald J. Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics: Theory and Practice. vol. 8. CRC Press; 2007. Permalink: dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420012026
# Bailey D, Humm J, Todd-Pokropek A, Van-Aswegen A. Nuclear Medicine Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency; 2014. Accessible online at: http://www-pub.iaea.org/books/iaeabooks/10368/Nuclear-Medicine-Physics
# Saha GB. Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2006.
# Welch MJ, Redvanly CS. Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals: Radiochemistry and Applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2003.
# Hoskin PJ. Radiotherapy in Practice - Radioisotope Therapy. OUP Oxford; 2007. Permalink: dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198568421.001.0001
# Australian Government - Department of Health. Ionising Radiation and Human Health 2012. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-radiological-toc~ohp-radiological-05-ionising (accessed November 22, 2015).
# Desouky O, Ding N, Zhou G. Targeted and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 2015;8:247–54. Permalink: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2015.03.003
# Powsner RA, Powsner ER. Essential Nuclear Medicine Physics. John Wiley & Sons; 2008. Permalink: dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470752890
# Multhoff G, Pockley A, Gaipl U, Rodel F. Radiation-induced effects and the immune system. Frontiers E-books; 2013. Permalink: dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2013.00055
# Bergonié J, Tribondeau L. Interpretation of Some Results of Radiotherapy and an Attempt at Determining a Logical Technique of Treatment / De Quelques Resultats de la Radiotherapie et Essai de Fixation d’une Technique Rationnelle. Radiat Res 1959;11:587–8. Permalink: dx.doi.org/10.2307/3570812
# Pouget J-P, Santoro L, Raymond L, Chouin N, Bardiès M, Bascoul-Mollevi C, et al. Cell membrane is a more sensitive target than cytoplasm to dense ionization produced by auger electrons. Radiat Res 2008;170:192–200. Permalink: dx.doi.org/10.1667/RR1359.1
# Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionising radiation. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation:: BEIR VII Phase 2. National Academies Press; 2006.
# Campeau F, Fleitz J. Limited Radiography. Cengage Learning; 2009.
# Langland OE, Langlais RP, Preece JW. Principles of Dental Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
# World Nuclear Organisation. Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects 2015. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/ (accessed November 14, 2015).

Background/Radiobiology

2017-07-10T12:51:37Z

DanWalker: /* Chronic and Acute Effects */ Formatted tables 4 and 5

Radiation is energy that travels through space and matter. It is of two types: electromagnetic (EM) and particulate (Table 1). EM radiation is massless and moves through a vacuum at 3×108 m/s. It can be ionising or non-ionising. Particulate radiation is energy in the form of subatomic particles [1]

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!|Electromagnetic Radiation
!colspan="3"|Particulate Radiation
|-
|rowspan="6"|In order of increasing frequency:
* Radio waves
* Microwaves
* Infrared
* Visible Light
* Ultraviolet
* X-rays — '''Indirectly ionising'''
* Gamma rays — '''Indirectly ionising'''
!Sub-Atomic Particle
!Elementary Charge
!Relative Atomic Mass
|-
|Alpha (''He24'') — '''directly ionising''' || +2 || 4
|-
|Proton (''H1'') — '''directly ionising''' || +1 || 1
|-
|Neutron (''n0'') — '''indirectly ionising''' || 0 || 1
|-
|Electron (''e-''/''β-'') — '''directly ionising''' || -1 || 0.0005
|-
|Positron (''e+''/''β+'') — '''directly ionising''' || +1 || 0.0005
|-
!colspan="4"|Table 1: Examples of particulate radiation. The charge and relative atomic mass of particulate radiation is also given <nowiki>[1,11]</nowiki>.
|}

[[File:Background-sources-of-radiation.png|thumb|Figure 1: Sources and relative contribution of background radiation [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/ <nowiki>[23]</nowiki>]|right|389px|link=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/]]

Directly ionising radiation strips electrons from atoms electrostatically. Indirectly ionising radiation causes electrons to be ejected from their atom by Compton scatter and the photoelectric effect. In the former, the fraction of the photon energy transferred to an outer electron is proportional to the cosine of the scatter angle. In the latter, all the photon energy is transferred to an inner electron. An electron must acquire an energy greater than its binding energy to be ejected [1].
The common sources of background radiation are given in Figure 1. The average exposure per year, per individual, is ≈2.4 mSv, which is equivalent to a fatal cancer risk of 0.012% for individuals aged between 30-60 [2,3]

== Terminology in nuclear medicine ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; max-width: 500px; margin-left: 1em;"
!Radiation
!LET (keV/μm)
|-
| 1.25 MeV Co60 γ-ray [5] || 0.25
|-
| 250 kVp x-rays [6] || 2
|-
| 10 MeV proton [6] || 5.7
|-
| 20 keV β-particle [7] || 10
|-
| 1 keV electrons [6] || 12.3
|-
| 5 MeV neutron [7] || 20
|-
| 5 MeV α particle [7] || 50
|-
!colspan="2"|Table 2: Linear energy transfer for a range of radiation types and energies. Alpha particles have the highest LET, and hence are most potent when inside the body, due to their low velocity and high mass.
|}

'''Linear energy transfer''' ('''LET''') describes how much energy (keV) a radiation-beam transfers to its surroundings per metre (Table 2). The '''LET''' of radiation increases with charge and mass, and decreases with kinetic energy [1]. The higher the '''LET''', the more biologically potent the radiation. The '''LET''' for particulate radiation increases as it loses energy whilst traversing a medium [4].

'''Relative biological effectiveness''' ('''RBE''') is the ratio of the dose of radiation of type x, '''Rx''' required to produce the same biological effect as a reference dose '''RR''' which is normally a high-energy x-ray beam (250 kVp) or a gamma-ray from Cobalt-60;

<blockquote>
{| style = "width:30%;"
|'''RBE''' = '''Rx''' &frasl; '''RR'''
| style = "text-align:left;"| for a given effect
| style = "width:30%; text-align:right;"| (1)
|}
</blockquote>

'''RBE''' increases with '''LET''' until a critical point of ≈100 keV/μm. The overkill region arises because the increasing dose has no further biological effect [1].

The '''RBE''' of radiation may vary depending on its subcellular distribution: for example, when situated outside the cell, Auger electrons have an RBE of ≈1; this value increases ≈10 - fold, however, when localised within the nucleus [8].
 

== Radiation Units ==

{| class="wikitable" style = "float: right;"
|-
!Radiation type
!Radiation weighting factor
|-
|X-rays
|1
|-
|Gamma-rays
|1
|-
|Electrons
|1
|-
|Positrons
|1
|-
|Protons > 2 MeV
|2
|-
|Alpha particles
|20
|}

The '''radiation-absorbed dose''' is the total energy absorbed by tissue. It is given in '''rad''' or '''Gray (Gy)''', 0.01 Gy = 1 rad. The '''equivalent dose''' is the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor, '''WR''' and is given in roentgen-Equivalent-Man (rem) or Sievert (Sv), 0.01 Sv = 1 rem. The '''effective''' dose, '''E''' (Eq-2) is the sum of the tissue-weighted equivalent dose, '''WT''' multiplied by the equivalent dose, '''HT''' for all tissue types, '''T'''. It arises because the same equivalent dose of radiation has different biological effects on different tissues [1].

<blockquote>
{| style = "width:30%"
|'''E''' = '''∑T''' ( '''HT''' × '''WT''' )
|style="width:30%; text-align:right;" | (2)
|}
</blockquote>

== Biological Effects ==

The biological effects of ionising radiation are caused by the secondary electrons from an ionisation event, not the primary radiation beam [9]. These electrons deposit energy within tissues causing molecular damage and the formation of toxic chemical species. Although ionisation and free-radical production occur on a sub-second time scale, biological effects may take years to manifest. [10].

Free radicals such as hydroxyl (OH•) and hydrogen (H•) form when radiation interacts with water. Secondary and tertiary molecules including (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are then produced, and interact with endogenous nitrogen molecules such as nitric oxide (NO•) to produce reactive nitrogen species including nitrogen dioxide (NO2•) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). These molecules may cause DNA damage, protein oxidation or lipid damage [2].

Biological effects are classified as stochastic or deterministic. Stochastic effects are probabilistic: the likelihood of them developing increases with radiation dose. They are primarily caused by low-radiation doses and have no lower-bound threshold. Deterministic effects are dose-dependent: the severity of the biological effects increases with radiation dose; they have a lower-bound threshold and are primarily caused by high-dose radiation [1,11].

== Biological Range ==

Different types of radiation have different ranges in tissue (Table 3). Short-range radiation is used therapeutically to target localised lesions as it transfers its’ energy to surrounding cells more effectively than long-range radiation. Long-range radiation is used in medical imaging. Short-range radiation is more biologically potent.

{| class = "wikitable" style="max-width: 500px; margin-left: 1em;"
|-
!Radiation type
!Range in tissue
|-
|Auger electrons
|0.02-10 μm [12]
|-
|Alpha
|10-100 μm [13]
|-
|Beta
|few mm-few cm [14]
|-
|Gamma
|rowspan="3"|Many cm [14]
|-
|X-ray
|-
|Neutron
|-
!colspan="2"| Table 3 - Range of radiation in tissue. Radiation with a large mass, high charge and/or low energy have the shortest range.
|}

== Direct and Indirect Biological Effects ==

Direct effects, following ionisation or atomic excitation, include the breakage of molecular bonds of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or proteins, molecular degradation and intermolecular cross-linking. They occur within a picosecond of radiation exposure and are typically induced by high-LET radiation [2,15]. Indirect effects, due to low-LET radiation, occur over a longer period and are mediated by free radicals and reactive oxygen or nitrogen species [15]. The majority of DNA damage occurs due to indirect effects because water, the source of free radicals, contributes 70% of cellular composition [11]. However, direct DNA damage is more potent because radiation with a high-LET can induce multi-strand breaks [16]. Indirect effects may occur at a distance from the initial radiation site. In addition to DNA strand-breakages, base losses or changes also occur.
Non-irradiated cells may express radiation-induced biological effects secondary to the release of signals from directly-irradiated cells in their vicinity. This is termed the bystander effect and is distinct from the abscopal effect in which tumour cells distant from the primary radiation-site diminish in size. The latter is thought to be mediated by the immune system [17].
Although the number of DNA lesions is large for a given radiation dose (1000 single-strand breaks and 40 double-strand breaks per Gy [10]), the number of cell fatalities is low: most radiation-induced DNA changes are detected and repaired by enzymes. Persistent mutations can cause genetic and somatic effects, as well as cell death The consequence of an un-repaired mutation will depend, in part, on the biological function of the affected gene [10].

== Cellular Radiosensitivity ==

The radiosensitivity of a cell depends on several factors. First undifferentiated cells (those lacking a specific physiological role) are more radiosensitive than differentiated ones as the former give rise to the latter (Figure 2). Second, the stage of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2 and M): cells are least radiosensitive during the DNA replication (S-)phase because a large number of DNA repair molecules are present, and most radiosensitive during the (M)mitotic-stage. Third is the size of the nucleus: cells with larger nuclei are more radiosensitive. Fourth is the rate of the cell-cycle: cells that replicate more frequently are more radiosensitive as radiation-induced DNA damage is more likely to persist [11,18].

On a subcellular level, different organelles have different radiosensitivities: for example, both the cell membrane and nucleus are more radiosensitive than the cytoplasm [9,19].

The effect of radiation on cells can be visualised on a cell-survival curve, which plots the proportion of cells that survive at a particular absorbed dose of radiation (Figure 3).

The steepness of Figure 3b will increase in response to several factors including an elevated local cellular oxygen concentrations (as oxygen stabilises free radicals, prolonging their half-life) and radiation with a higher LET. The oxygen-enhancement ratio (OER) is the ratio of the radiation dose required to produce a particular biological effect in hypoxic cells, CH and oxygenated cells, CO; OER = CH/CO. Its value is ≈3 for low-LET radiation and ≈1 for high-LET radiation [10].

== Chronic and Acute Effects ==

Biological effects may be acute or chronic. Chronic effects arise following multiple low-dose radiation exposure events, primarily in slowly proliferating cells. The effects can be stochastic or deterministic and may manifest genetically (in future generations) or somatically (e.g: teratogenesis, reduced life expectancy); examples of deterministic effects along with their associated threshold-doses are given in Table 4. Stochastic effects include germ-cell mutations, and cancer: the likelihood of developing leukaemia or a solid cancer per 100 mSv is 1% [20].
{| class = "wikitable" style = "max-width: 700px;"
|-
!Biological effect
!Chronic exposure
!Total accumulated exposure threshold
|-
|Permanent sterility
|2-5 rad/week
|250-300 rad
|-
|Cataract
| --------
|400 rad (over 2 months)
|-
|Radiation dermatitis
|1-2 rad/day
|2000 rad
|-
!colspan="3"|Table 4 – Deterministic effects following a chronic exposure to radiation. For the effects to manifest, the accumulated dose over time must be, at least, equal to the threshold value given in the far-right column
|}

Data is obtained from: [1]

Acute effects arise shortly after exposure to a high radiation dose, primarily in rapidly proliferating cells, and include erythema, conjunctivitis and acute radiation sickness (ARS). Table 5 gives the acute radiation dose required to produce several different biological effects. ARS has a natural history that is divided into 4 stages (Fig.10). In the prodromal stage, non-specific symptoms such as nausea and vomiting arise. The latent phase may last several weeks. Haemopoetic symptoms such as prolonged coagulation time and a dampened immune response arise at 250-500 rad. Gastrointestinal effects including gut ulceration and loss of intestinal villi occur at 500-1000 rad. Neurovascular symptoms include motor- and sensory-dysfunction, and reduced levels of consciousness develop at 5000-10,000 rad. Mild symptoms of ARS include fatigue, loss of appetite and sweating [11,21]. Figure 4 illustrates the consequences of, and relationship between the different components of ARS.

Chronic exposures, per unit of radiation, are less biologically significant than acute exposures as the body is capable of repairing any damage incurred between exposure events [22].

{| class = "wikitable"
|-
!Biological effect
!Acute threshold radiation dose
|-
|Generalised erythema (skin reddening)
|200-600 rad
|-
|Temporary hair loss
|300-600 rad
|-
|Temporary sterility
|50 rad
|-
|Permanent sterility
|200-1000 rad (this effect is age dependent)
|-
|Cataract formation
|200-700 rad
|-
|style = "color: #549bf2;"| '''Vomiting 2 hours post-exposure'''
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''100-400 rad'''
|-
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''Diarrhoea 1 hour post-exposure'''
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''600-800 rad'''
|-
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''Headache 4 hours post-exposure'''
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''600-800 rad'''
|-
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''Fever 1 hour post-exposure'''
|style = "color: #549bf2;"|'''400-600 rad'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Table 5 – The threshold acute radiation doses for a variety of biological effects.
The biological effects highlighted in blue arise during the prodromal stage of ARS following an acute radiation threshold dose given in the right-hand column.
|}

Data is obtained from: [1]

== References ==

# Bushberg JT, Seibert JA, Leidholdt EM, Boone JM. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
# Reisz JA, Bansal N, Qian J, Zhao W, Furdui CM. Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules--mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014;21:260–92.
# ICRP. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103. Ann ICRP 2007;37:1–332.
# Laney T, Kooy H. Proton and Charged Particle Radiotherapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
# V C on the BE of IRB, Sciences C on L, Studies D on E and L, Council NR. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation:: BEIR V. National Academies; 1990.
# International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation Biology: A Handbook for Teachers and Students. IAEA; 2010.
# Dendy PP, Heaton B. Physics for Diagnostic Radiology, Third Edition. CRC Press; 1999.
# Howell RW, Narra VR, Sastry KS, Rao D V. On the equivalent dose for Auger electron emitters. Radiat Res 1993;134:71–8.
# Mayles P, Nahum A, Rosenwald J. Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics: Theory and Practice. vol. 8. CRC Press; 2007.
# Bailey D, Humm J, Todd-Pokropek A, Van-Aswegen A. Nuclear Medicine Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency; 2014.
# Saha GB. Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2006.
# Welch MJ, Redvanly CS. Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals: Radiochemistry and Applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2003.
# Hoskin PJ. Radiotherapy in Practice - Radioisotope Therapy. OUP Oxford; 2007.
# Australian Government - Department of Health. Ionising Radiation and Human Health 2012. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-radiological-toc~ohp-radiological-05-ionising (accessed November 22, 2015).
# Desouky O, Ding N, Zhou G. Targeted and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 2015;8:247–54.
# Powsner RA, Powsner ER. Essential Nuclear Medicine Physics. John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
# Multhoff G, Pockley A, Gaipl U, Rodel F. Radiation-induced effects and the immune system. Frontiers E-books; 2013.
# Bergonié J, Tribondeau L. Interpretation of Some Results of Radiotherapy and an Attempt at Determining a Logical Technique of Treatment / De Quelques Resultats de la Radiotherapie et Essai de Fixation d’une Technique Rationnelle. Radiat Res 1959;11:587–8.
# Pouget J-P, Santoro L, Raymond L, Chouin N, Bardiès M, Bascoul-Mollevi C, et al. Cell membrane is a more sensitive target than cytoplasm to dense ionization produced by auger electrons. Radiat Res 2008;170:192–200.
# Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionising radiation. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation:: BEIR VII Phase 2. National Academies Press; 2006.
# Campeau F, Fleitz J. Limited Radiography. Cengage Learning; 2009.
# Langland OE, Langlais RP, Preece JW. Principles of Dental Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
# World Nuclear Organisation. Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects 2015. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/ (accessed November 14, 2015).

Background/Radiobiology

2017-07-10T12:20:06Z

DanWalker: /* Biological Range */ Table 3 size and position adjusted

Radiation is energy that travels through space and matter. It is of two types: electromagnetic (EM) and particulate (Table 1). EM radiation is massless and moves through a vacuum at 3×108 m/s. It can be ionising or non-ionising. Particulate radiation is energy in the form of subatomic particles [1]

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!|Electromagnetic Radiation
!colspan="3"|Particulate Radiation
|-
|rowspan="6"|In order of increasing frequency:
* Radio waves
* Microwaves
* Infrared
* Visible Light
* Ultraviolet
* X-rays — '''Indirectly ionising'''
* Gamma rays — '''Indirectly ionising'''
!Sub-Atomic Particle
!Elementary Charge
!Relative Atomic Mass
|-
|Alpha (''He24'') — '''directly ionising''' || +2 || 4
|-
|Proton (''H1'') — '''directly ionising''' || +1 || 1
|-
|Neutron (''n0'') — '''indirectly ionising''' || 0 || 1
|-
|Electron (''e-''/''β-'') — '''directly ionising''' || -1 || 0.0005
|-
|Positron (''e+''/''β+'') — '''directly ionising''' || +1 || 0.0005
|-
!colspan="4"|Table 1: Examples of particulate radiation. The charge and relative atomic mass of particulate radiation is also given <nowiki>[1,11]</nowiki>.
|}

[[File:Background-sources-of-radiation.png|thumb|Figure 1: Sources and relative contribution of background radiation [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/ <nowiki>[23]</nowiki>]|right|389px|link=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/]]

Directly ionising radiation strips electrons from atoms electrostatically. Indirectly ionising radiation causes electrons to be ejected from their atom by Compton scatter and the photoelectric effect. In the former, the fraction of the photon energy transferred to an outer electron is proportional to the cosine of the scatter angle. In the latter, all the photon energy is transferred to an inner electron. An electron must acquire an energy greater than its binding energy to be ejected [1].
The common sources of background radiation are given in Figure 1. The average exposure per year, per individual, is ≈2.4 mSv, which is equivalent to a fatal cancer risk of 0.012% for individuals aged between 30-60 [2,3]

== Terminology in nuclear medicine ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; max-width: 500px; margin-left: 1em;"
!Radiation
!LET (keV/μm)
|-
| 1.25 MeV Co60 γ-ray [5] || 0.25
|-
| 250 kVp x-rays [6] || 2
|-
| 10 MeV proton [6] || 5.7
|-
| 20 keV β-particle [7] || 10
|-
| 1 keV electrons [6] || 12.3
|-
| 5 MeV neutron [7] || 20
|-
| 5 MeV α particle [7] || 50
|-
!colspan="2"|Table 2: Linear energy transfer for a range of radiation types and energies. Alpha particles have the highest LET, and hence are most potent when inside the body, due to their low velocity and high mass.
|}

'''Linear energy transfer''' ('''LET''') describes how much energy (keV) a radiation-beam transfers to its surroundings per metre (Table 2). The '''LET''' of radiation increases with charge and mass, and decreases with kinetic energy [1]. The higher the '''LET''', the more biologically potent the radiation. The '''LET''' for particulate radiation increases as it loses energy whilst traversing a medium [4].

'''Relative biological effectiveness''' ('''RBE''') is the ratio of the dose of radiation of type x, '''Rx''' required to produce the same biological effect as a reference dose '''RR''' which is normally a high-energy x-ray beam (250 kVp) or a gamma-ray from Cobalt-60;

<blockquote>
{| style = "width:30%;"
|'''RBE''' = '''Rx''' &frasl; '''RR'''
| style = "text-align:left;"| for a given effect
| style = "width:30%; text-align:right;"| (1)
|}
</blockquote>

'''RBE''' increases with '''LET''' until a critical point of ≈100 keV/μm. The overkill region arises because the increasing dose has no further biological effect [1].

The '''RBE''' of radiation may vary depending on its subcellular distribution: for example, when situated outside the cell, Auger electrons have an RBE of ≈1; this value increases ≈10 - fold, however, when localised within the nucleus [8].
 

== Radiation Units ==

{| class="wikitable" style = "float: right;"
|-
!Radiation type
!Radiation weighting factor
|-
|X-rays
|1
|-
|Gamma-rays
|1
|-
|Electrons
|1
|-
|Positrons
|1
|-
|Protons > 2 MeV
|2
|-
|Alpha particles
|20
|}

The '''radiation-absorbed dose''' is the total energy absorbed by tissue. It is given in '''rad''' or '''Gray (Gy)''', 0.01 Gy = 1 rad. The '''equivalent dose''' is the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor, '''WR''' and is given in roentgen-Equivalent-Man (rem) or Sievert (Sv), 0.01 Sv = 1 rem. The '''effective''' dose, '''E''' (Eq-2) is the sum of the tissue-weighted equivalent dose, '''WT''' multiplied by the equivalent dose, '''HT''' for all tissue types, '''T'''. It arises because the same equivalent dose of radiation has different biological effects on different tissues [1].

<blockquote>
{| style = "width:30%"
|'''E''' = '''∑T''' ( '''HT''' × '''WT''' )
|style="width:30%; text-align:right;" | (2)
|}
</blockquote>

== Biological Effects ==

The biological effects of ionising radiation are caused by the secondary electrons from an ionisation event, not the primary radiation beam [9]. These electrons deposit energy within tissues causing molecular damage and the formation of toxic chemical species. Although ionisation and free-radical production occur on a sub-second time scale, biological effects may take years to manifest. [10].

Free radicals such as hydroxyl (OH•) and hydrogen (H•) form when radiation interacts with water. Secondary and tertiary molecules including (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are then produced, and interact with endogenous nitrogen molecules such as nitric oxide (NO•) to produce reactive nitrogen species including nitrogen dioxide (NO2•) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). These molecules may cause DNA damage, protein oxidation or lipid damage [2].

Biological effects are classified as stochastic or deterministic. Stochastic effects are probabilistic: the likelihood of them developing increases with radiation dose. They are primarily caused by low-radiation doses and have no lower-bound threshold. Deterministic effects are dose-dependent: the severity of the biological effects increases with radiation dose; they have a lower-bound threshold and are primarily caused by high-dose radiation [1,11].

== Biological Range ==

Different types of radiation have different ranges in tissue (Table 3). Short-range radiation is used therapeutically to target localised lesions as it transfers its’ energy to surrounding cells more effectively than long-range radiation. Long-range radiation is used in medical imaging. Short-range radiation is more biologically potent.

{| class = "wikitable" style="max-width: 500px; margin-left: 1em;"
|-
!Radiation type
!Range in tissue
|-
|Auger electrons
|0.02-10 μm [12]
|-
|Alpha
|10-100 μm [13]
|-
|Beta
|few mm-few cm [14]
|-
|Gamma
|rowspan="3"|Many cm [14]
|-
|X-ray
|-
|Neutron
|-
!colspan="2"| Table 3 - Range of radiation in tissue. Radiation with a large mass, high charge and/or low energy have the shortest range.
|}

== Direct and Indirect Biological Effects ==

Direct effects, following ionisation or atomic excitation, include the breakage of molecular bonds of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or proteins, molecular degradation and intermolecular cross-linking. They occur within a picosecond of radiation exposure and are typically induced by high-LET radiation [2,15]. Indirect effects, due to low-LET radiation, occur over a longer period and are mediated by free radicals and reactive oxygen or nitrogen species [15]. The majority of DNA damage occurs due to indirect effects because water, the source of free radicals, contributes 70% of cellular composition [11]. However, direct DNA damage is more potent because radiation with a high-LET can induce multi-strand breaks [16]. Indirect effects may occur at a distance from the initial radiation site. In addition to DNA strand-breakages, base losses or changes also occur.
Non-irradiated cells may express radiation-induced biological effects secondary to the release of signals from directly-irradiated cells in their vicinity. This is termed the bystander effect and is distinct from the abscopal effect in which tumour cells distant from the primary radiation-site diminish in size. The latter is thought to be mediated by the immune system [17].
Although the number of DNA lesions is large for a given radiation dose (1000 single-strand breaks and 40 double-strand breaks per Gy [10]), the number of cell fatalities is low: most radiation-induced DNA changes are detected and repaired by enzymes. Persistent mutations can cause genetic and somatic effects, as well as cell death The consequence of an un-repaired mutation will depend, in part, on the biological function of the affected gene [10].

== Cellular Radiosensitivity ==

The radiosensitivity of a cell depends on several factors. First undifferentiated cells (those lacking a specific physiological role) are more radiosensitive than differentiated ones as the former give rise to the latter (Figure 2). Second, the stage of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2 and M): cells are least radiosensitive during the DNA replication (S-)phase because a large number of DNA repair molecules are present, and most radiosensitive during the (M)mitotic-stage. Third is the size of the nucleus: cells with larger nuclei are more radiosensitive. Fourth is the rate of the cell-cycle: cells that replicate more frequently are more radiosensitive as radiation-induced DNA damage is more likely to persist [11,18].

On a subcellular level, different organelles have different radiosensitivities: for example, both the cell membrane and nucleus are more radiosensitive than the cytoplasm [9,19].

The effect of radiation on cells can be visualised on a cell-survival curve, which plots the proportion of cells that survive at a particular absorbed dose of radiation (Figure 3).

The steepness of Figure 3b will increase in response to several factors including an elevated local cellular oxygen concentrations (as oxygen stabilises free radicals, prolonging their half-life) and radiation with a higher LET. The oxygen-enhancement ratio (OER) is the ratio of the radiation dose required to produce a particular biological effect in hypoxic cells, CH and oxygenated cells, CO; OER = CH/CO. Its value is ≈3 for low-LET radiation and ≈1 for high-LET radiation [10].

== Chronic and Acute Effects ==

Biological effects may be acute or chronic. Chronic effects arise following multiple low-dose radiation exposure events, primarily in slowly proliferating cells. The effects can be stochastic or deterministic and may manifest genetically (in future generations) or somatically (e.g: teratogenesis, reduced life expectancy); examples of deterministic effects along with their associated threshold-doses are given in Table 4. Stochastic effects include germ-cell mutations, and cancer: the likelihood of developing leukaemia or a solid cancer per 100 mSv is 1% [20].
Biological effect Chronic exposure Total accumulated exposure threshold
Permanent sterility 2-5 rad/week 250-300 rad
Cataract ¬--------- 400 rad (over 2 months)
Radiation dermatitis 1-2 rad/day 2000 rad
Table 4 – Deterministic effects following a chronic exposure to radiation. For the effects to manifest, the accumulated dose over time must be, at least, equal to the threshold value given in the far-right column

Data is obtained from: [1]

Acute effects arise shortly after exposure to a high radiation dose, primarily in rapidly proliferating cells, and include erythema, conjunctivitis and acute radiation sickness (ARS). Table 5 gives the acute radiation dose required to produce several different biological effects. ARS has a natural history that is divided into 4 stages (Fig.10). In the prodromal stage, non-specific symptoms such as nausea and vomiting arise. The latent phase may last several weeks. Haemopoetic symptoms such as prolonged coagulation time and a dampened immune response arise at 250-500 rad. Gastrointestinal effects including gut ulceration and loss of intestinal villi occur at 500-1000 rad. Neurovascular symptoms include motor- and sensory-dysfunction, and reduced levels of consciousness develop at 5000-10,000 rad. Mild symptoms of ARS include fatigue, loss of appetite and sweating [11,21]. Figure 4 illustrates the consequences of, and relationship between the different components of ARS.

Chronic exposures, per unit of radiation, are less biologically significant than acute exposures as the body is capable of repairing any damage incurred between exposure events [22].

Biological effect Acute threshold radiation dose
Generalised erythema (skin reddening) 200-600 rad
Temporary hair loss 300-600 rad
Temporary sterility 50 rad
Permanent sterility 200-1000 rad (this effect is age dependent)
Cataract formation 200-700 rad
Vomiting 2 hours post-exposure 100-400 rad
Diarrhoea 1 hour post-exposure 600-800 rad
Headache 4 hours post-exposure 600-800 rad
Fever 1 hour post-exposure 400-600 rad
Table 5 – The threshold acute radiation doses for a variety of biological effects.
The biological effects highlighted in blue arise during the prodromal stage of ARS following an acute radiation threshold dose given in the right-hand column

Data is obtained from: [1]

== References ==

# Bushberg JT, Seibert JA, Leidholdt EM, Boone JM. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
# Reisz JA, Bansal N, Qian J, Zhao W, Furdui CM. Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules--mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014;21:260–92.
# ICRP. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103. Ann ICRP 2007;37:1–332.
# Laney T, Kooy H. Proton and Charged Particle Radiotherapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
# V C on the BE of IRB, Sciences C on L, Studies D on E and L, Council NR. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation:: BEIR V. National Academies; 1990.
# International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation Biology: A Handbook for Teachers and Students. IAEA; 2010.
# Dendy PP, Heaton B. Physics for Diagnostic Radiology, Third Edition. CRC Press; 1999.
# Howell RW, Narra VR, Sastry KS, Rao D V. On the equivalent dose for Auger electron emitters. Radiat Res 1993;134:71–8.
# Mayles P, Nahum A, Rosenwald J. Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics: Theory and Practice. vol. 8. CRC Press; 2007.
# Bailey D, Humm J, Todd-Pokropek A, Van-Aswegen A. Nuclear Medicine Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency; 2014.
# Saha GB. Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2006.
# Welch MJ, Redvanly CS. Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals: Radiochemistry and Applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2003.
# Hoskin PJ. Radiotherapy in Practice - Radioisotope Therapy. OUP Oxford; 2007.
# Australian Government - Department of Health. Ionising Radiation and Human Health 2012. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-radiological-toc~ohp-radiological-05-ionising (accessed November 22, 2015).
# Desouky O, Ding N, Zhou G. Targeted and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 2015;8:247–54.
# Powsner RA, Powsner ER. Essential Nuclear Medicine Physics. John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
# Multhoff G, Pockley A, Gaipl U, Rodel F. Radiation-induced effects and the immune system. Frontiers E-books; 2013.
# Bergonié J, Tribondeau L. Interpretation of Some Results of Radiotherapy and an Attempt at Determining a Logical Technique of Treatment / De Quelques Resultats de la Radiotherapie et Essai de Fixation d’une Technique Rationnelle. Radiat Res 1959;11:587–8.
# Pouget J-P, Santoro L, Raymond L, Chouin N, Bardiès M, Bascoul-Mollevi C, et al. Cell membrane is a more sensitive target than cytoplasm to dense ionization produced by auger electrons. Radiat Res 2008;170:192–200.
# Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionising radiation. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation:: BEIR VII Phase 2. National Academies Press; 2006.
# Campeau F, Fleitz J. Limited Radiography. Cengage Learning; 2009.
# Langland OE, Langlais RP, Preece JW. Principles of Dental Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
# World Nuclear Organisation. Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects 2015. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/ (accessed November 14, 2015).

Background/Radiobiology

2017-07-10T12:16:40Z

DanWalker: /* Biological Range */ Added table 3

Radiation is energy that travels through space and matter. It is of two types: electromagnetic (EM) and particulate (Table 1). EM radiation is massless and moves through a vacuum at 3×108 m/s. It can be ionising or non-ionising. Particulate radiation is energy in the form of subatomic particles [1]

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!|Electromagnetic Radiation
!colspan="3"|Particulate Radiation
|-
|rowspan="6"|In order of increasing frequency:
* Radio waves
* Microwaves
* Infrared
* Visible Light
* Ultraviolet
* X-rays — '''Indirectly ionising'''
* Gamma rays — '''Indirectly ionising'''
!Sub-Atomic Particle
!Elementary Charge
!Relative Atomic Mass
|-
|Alpha (''He24'') — '''directly ionising''' || +2 || 4
|-
|Proton (''H1'') — '''directly ionising''' || +1 || 1
|-
|Neutron (''n0'') — '''indirectly ionising''' || 0 || 1
|-
|Electron (''e-''/''β-'') — '''directly ionising''' || -1 || 0.0005
|-
|Positron (''e+''/''β+'') — '''directly ionising''' || +1 || 0.0005
|-
!colspan="4"|Table 1: Examples of particulate radiation. The charge and relative atomic mass of particulate radiation is also given <nowiki>[1,11]</nowiki>.
|}

[[File:Background-sources-of-radiation.png|thumb|Figure 1: Sources and relative contribution of background radiation [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/ <nowiki>[23]</nowiki>]|right|389px|link=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/]]

Directly ionising radiation strips electrons from atoms electrostatically. Indirectly ionising radiation causes electrons to be ejected from their atom by Compton scatter and the photoelectric effect. In the former, the fraction of the photon energy transferred to an outer electron is proportional to the cosine of the scatter angle. In the latter, all the photon energy is transferred to an inner electron. An electron must acquire an energy greater than its binding energy to be ejected [1].
The common sources of background radiation are given in Figure 1. The average exposure per year, per individual, is ≈2.4 mSv, which is equivalent to a fatal cancer risk of 0.012% for individuals aged between 30-60 [2,3]

== Terminology in nuclear medicine ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; max-width: 500px; margin-left: 1em;"
!Radiation
!LET (keV/μm)
|-
| 1.25 MeV Co60 γ-ray [5] || 0.25
|-
| 250 kVp x-rays [6] || 2
|-
| 10 MeV proton [6] || 5.7
|-
| 20 keV β-particle [7] || 10
|-
| 1 keV electrons [6] || 12.3
|-
| 5 MeV neutron [7] || 20
|-
| 5 MeV α particle [7] || 50
|-
!colspan="2"|Table 2: Linear energy transfer for a range of radiation types and energies. Alpha particles have the highest LET, and hence are most potent when inside the body, due to their low velocity and high mass.
|}

'''Linear energy transfer''' ('''LET''') describes how much energy (keV) a radiation-beam transfers to its surroundings per metre (Table 2). The '''LET''' of radiation increases with charge and mass, and decreases with kinetic energy [1]. The higher the '''LET''', the more biologically potent the radiation. The '''LET''' for particulate radiation increases as it loses energy whilst traversing a medium [4].

'''Relative biological effectiveness''' ('''RBE''') is the ratio of the dose of radiation of type x, '''Rx''' required to produce the same biological effect as a reference dose '''RR''' which is normally a high-energy x-ray beam (250 kVp) or a gamma-ray from Cobalt-60;

<blockquote>
{| style = "width:30%;"
|'''RBE''' = '''Rx''' &frasl; '''RR'''
| style = "text-align:left;"| for a given effect
| style = "width:30%; text-align:right;"| (1)
|}
</blockquote>

'''RBE''' increases with '''LET''' until a critical point of ≈100 keV/μm. The overkill region arises because the increasing dose has no further biological effect [1].

The '''RBE''' of radiation may vary depending on its subcellular distribution: for example, when situated outside the cell, Auger electrons have an RBE of ≈1; this value increases ≈10 - fold, however, when localised within the nucleus [8].
 

== Radiation Units ==

{| class="wikitable" style = "float: right;"
|-
!Radiation type
!Radiation weighting factor
|-
|X-rays
|1
|-
|Gamma-rays
|1
|-
|Electrons
|1
|-
|Positrons
|1
|-
|Protons > 2 MeV
|2
|-
|Alpha particles
|20
|}

The '''radiation-absorbed dose''' is the total energy absorbed by tissue. It is given in '''rad''' or '''Gray (Gy)''', 0.01 Gy = 1 rad. The '''equivalent dose''' is the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor, '''WR''' and is given in roentgen-Equivalent-Man (rem) or Sievert (Sv), 0.01 Sv = 1 rem. The '''effective''' dose, '''E''' (Eq-2) is the sum of the tissue-weighted equivalent dose, '''WT''' multiplied by the equivalent dose, '''HT''' for all tissue types, '''T'''. It arises because the same equivalent dose of radiation has different biological effects on different tissues [1].

<blockquote>
{| style = "width:30%"
|'''E''' = '''∑T''' ( '''HT''' × '''WT''' )
|style="width:30%; text-align:right;" | (2)
|}
</blockquote>

== Biological Effects ==

The biological effects of ionising radiation are caused by the secondary electrons from an ionisation event, not the primary radiation beam [9]. These electrons deposit energy within tissues causing molecular damage and the formation of toxic chemical species. Although ionisation and free-radical production occur on a sub-second time scale, biological effects may take years to manifest. [10].

Free radicals such as hydroxyl (OH•) and hydrogen (H•) form when radiation interacts with water. Secondary and tertiary molecules including (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are then produced, and interact with endogenous nitrogen molecules such as nitric oxide (NO•) to produce reactive nitrogen species including nitrogen dioxide (NO2•) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). These molecules may cause DNA damage, protein oxidation or lipid damage [2].

Biological effects are classified as stochastic or deterministic. Stochastic effects are probabilistic: the likelihood of them developing increases with radiation dose. They are primarily caused by low-radiation doses and have no lower-bound threshold. Deterministic effects are dose-dependent: the severity of the biological effects increases with radiation dose; they have a lower-bound threshold and are primarily caused by high-dose radiation [1,11].

== Biological Range ==
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
!Radiation type
!Range in tissue
|-
|Auger electrons
|0.02-10 μm [12]
|-
|Alpha
|10-100 μm [13]
|-
|Beta
|few mm-few cm [14]
|-
|Gamma
|rowspan="3"|Many cm [14]
|-
|X-ray
|-
|Neutron
|-
!colspan="2"| Table 3 - Range of radiation in tissue. Radiation with a large mass, high charge and/or low energy have the shortest range.
|}

Different types of radiation have different ranges in tissue (Table 3). Short-range radiation is used therapeutically to target localised lesions as it transfers its’ energy to surrounding cells more effectively than long-range radiation. Long-range radiation is used in medical imaging. Short-range radiation is more biologically potent.

== Direct and Indirect Biological Effects ==

Direct effects, following ionisation or atomic excitation, include the breakage of molecular bonds of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or proteins, molecular degradation and intermolecular cross-linking. They occur within a picosecond of radiation exposure and are typically induced by high-LET radiation [2,15]. Indirect effects, due to low-LET radiation, occur over a longer period and are mediated by free radicals and reactive oxygen or nitrogen species [15]. The majority of DNA damage occurs due to indirect effects because water, the source of free radicals, contributes 70% of cellular composition [11]. However, direct DNA damage is more potent because radiation with a high-LET can induce multi-strand breaks [16]. Indirect effects may occur at a distance from the initial radiation site. In addition to DNA strand-breakages, base losses or changes also occur.
Non-irradiated cells may express radiation-induced biological effects secondary to the release of signals from directly-irradiated cells in their vicinity. This is termed the bystander effect and is distinct from the abscopal effect in which tumour cells distant from the primary radiation-site diminish in size. The latter is thought to be mediated by the immune system [17].
Although the number of DNA lesions is large for a given radiation dose (1000 single-strand breaks and 40 double-strand breaks per Gy [10]), the number of cell fatalities is low: most radiation-induced DNA changes are detected and repaired by enzymes. Persistent mutations can cause genetic and somatic effects, as well as cell death The consequence of an un-repaired mutation will depend, in part, on the biological function of the affected gene [10].

== Cellular Radiosensitivity ==

The radiosensitivity of a cell depends on several factors. First undifferentiated cells (those lacking a specific physiological role) are more radiosensitive than differentiated ones as the former give rise to the latter (Figure 2). Second, the stage of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2 and M): cells are least radiosensitive during the DNA replication (S-)phase because a large number of DNA repair molecules are present, and most radiosensitive during the (M)mitotic-stage. Third is the size of the nucleus: cells with larger nuclei are more radiosensitive. Fourth is the rate of the cell-cycle: cells that replicate more frequently are more radiosensitive as radiation-induced DNA damage is more likely to persist [11,18].

On a subcellular level, different organelles have different radiosensitivities: for example, both the cell membrane and nucleus are more radiosensitive than the cytoplasm [9,19].

The effect of radiation on cells can be visualised on a cell-survival curve, which plots the proportion of cells that survive at a particular absorbed dose of radiation (Figure 3).

The steepness of Figure 3b will increase in response to several factors including an elevated local cellular oxygen concentrations (as oxygen stabilises free radicals, prolonging their half-life) and radiation with a higher LET. The oxygen-enhancement ratio (OER) is the ratio of the radiation dose required to produce a particular biological effect in hypoxic cells, CH and oxygenated cells, CO; OER = CH/CO. Its value is ≈3 for low-LET radiation and ≈1 for high-LET radiation [10].

== Chronic and Acute Effects ==

Biological effects may be acute or chronic. Chronic effects arise following multiple low-dose radiation exposure events, primarily in slowly proliferating cells. The effects can be stochastic or deterministic and may manifest genetically (in future generations) or somatically (e.g: teratogenesis, reduced life expectancy); examples of deterministic effects along with their associated threshold-doses are given in Table 4. Stochastic effects include germ-cell mutations, and cancer: the likelihood of developing leukaemia or a solid cancer per 100 mSv is 1% [20].
Biological effect Chronic exposure Total accumulated exposure threshold
Permanent sterility 2-5 rad/week 250-300 rad
Cataract ¬--------- 400 rad (over 2 months)
Radiation dermatitis 1-2 rad/day 2000 rad
Table 4 – Deterministic effects following a chronic exposure to radiation. For the effects to manifest, the accumulated dose over time must be, at least, equal to the threshold value given in the far-right column

Data is obtained from: [1]

Acute effects arise shortly after exposure to a high radiation dose, primarily in rapidly proliferating cells, and include erythema, conjunctivitis and acute radiation sickness (ARS). Table 5 gives the acute radiation dose required to produce several different biological effects. ARS has a natural history that is divided into 4 stages (Fig.10). In the prodromal stage, non-specific symptoms such as nausea and vomiting arise. The latent phase may last several weeks. Haemopoetic symptoms such as prolonged coagulation time and a dampened immune response arise at 250-500 rad. Gastrointestinal effects including gut ulceration and loss of intestinal villi occur at 500-1000 rad. Neurovascular symptoms include motor- and sensory-dysfunction, and reduced levels of consciousness develop at 5000-10,000 rad. Mild symptoms of ARS include fatigue, loss of appetite and sweating [11,21]. Figure 4 illustrates the consequences of, and relationship between the different components of ARS.

Chronic exposures, per unit of radiation, are less biologically significant than acute exposures as the body is capable of repairing any damage incurred between exposure events [22].

Biological effect Acute threshold radiation dose
Generalised erythema (skin reddening) 200-600 rad
Temporary hair loss 300-600 rad
Temporary sterility 50 rad
Permanent sterility 200-1000 rad (this effect is age dependent)
Cataract formation 200-700 rad
Vomiting 2 hours post-exposure 100-400 rad
Diarrhoea 1 hour post-exposure 600-800 rad
Headache 4 hours post-exposure 600-800 rad
Fever 1 hour post-exposure 400-600 rad
Table 5 – The threshold acute radiation doses for a variety of biological effects.
The biological effects highlighted in blue arise during the prodromal stage of ARS following an acute radiation threshold dose given in the right-hand column

Data is obtained from: [1]

== References ==

# Bushberg JT, Seibert JA, Leidholdt EM, Boone JM. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
# Reisz JA, Bansal N, Qian J, Zhao W, Furdui CM. Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules--mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014;21:260–92.
# ICRP. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103. Ann ICRP 2007;37:1–332.
# Laney T, Kooy H. Proton and Charged Particle Radiotherapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
# V C on the BE of IRB, Sciences C on L, Studies D on E and L, Council NR. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation:: BEIR V. National Academies; 1990.
# International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation Biology: A Handbook for Teachers and Students. IAEA; 2010.
# Dendy PP, Heaton B. Physics for Diagnostic Radiology, Third Edition. CRC Press; 1999.
# Howell RW, Narra VR, Sastry KS, Rao D V. On the equivalent dose for Auger electron emitters. Radiat Res 1993;134:71–8.
# Mayles P, Nahum A, Rosenwald J. Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics: Theory and Practice. vol. 8. CRC Press; 2007.
# Bailey D, Humm J, Todd-Pokropek A, Van-Aswegen A. Nuclear Medicine Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency; 2014.
# Saha GB. Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2006.
# Welch MJ, Redvanly CS. Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals: Radiochemistry and Applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2003.
# Hoskin PJ. Radiotherapy in Practice - Radioisotope Therapy. OUP Oxford; 2007.
# Australian Government - Department of Health. Ionising Radiation and Human Health 2012. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-radiological-toc~ohp-radiological-05-ionising (accessed November 22, 2015).
# Desouky O, Ding N, Zhou G. Targeted and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 2015;8:247–54.
# Powsner RA, Powsner ER. Essential Nuclear Medicine Physics. John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
# Multhoff G, Pockley A, Gaipl U, Rodel F. Radiation-induced effects and the immune system. Frontiers E-books; 2013.
# Bergonié J, Tribondeau L. Interpretation of Some Results of Radiotherapy and an Attempt at Determining a Logical Technique of Treatment / De Quelques Resultats de la Radiotherapie et Essai de Fixation d’une Technique Rationnelle. Radiat Res 1959;11:587–8.
# Pouget J-P, Santoro L, Raymond L, Chouin N, Bardiès M, Bascoul-Mollevi C, et al. Cell membrane is a more sensitive target than cytoplasm to dense ionization produced by auger electrons. Radiat Res 2008;170:192–200.
# Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionising radiation. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation:: BEIR VII Phase 2. National Academies Press; 2006.
# Campeau F, Fleitz J. Limited Radiography. Cengage Learning; 2009.
# Langland OE, Langlais RP, Preece JW. Principles of Dental Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
# World Nuclear Organisation. Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects 2015. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/ (accessed November 14, 2015).

Background/Radiobiology

2017-07-07T20:21:31Z

DanWalker: Minor formatting tweaks, more to come

Radiation is energy that travels through space and matter. It is of two types: electromagnetic (EM) and particulate (Table 1). EM radiation is massless and moves through a vacuum at 3×108 m/s. It can be ionising or non-ionising. Particulate radiation is energy in the form of subatomic particles [1]

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!|Electromagnetic Radiation
!colspan="3"|Particulate Radiation
|-
|rowspan="6"|In order of increasing frequency:
* Radio waves
* Microwaves
* Infrared
* Visible Light
* Ultraviolet
* X-rays — '''Indirectly ionising'''
* Gamma rays — '''Indirectly ionising'''
!Sub-Atomic Particle
!Elementary Charge
!Relative Atomic Mass
|-
|Alpha (''He24'') — '''directly ionising''' || +2 || 4
|-
|Proton (''H1'') — '''directly ionising''' || +1 || 1
|-
|Neutron (''n0'') — '''indirectly ionising''' || 0 || 1
|-
|Electron (''e-''/''β-'') — '''directly ionising''' || -1 || 0.0005
|-
|Positron (''e+''/''β+'') — '''directly ionising''' || +1 || 0.0005
|-
!colspan="4"|Table 1: Examples of particulate radiation. The charge and relative atomic mass of particulate radiation is also given <nowiki>[1,11]</nowiki>.
|}

[[File:Background-sources-of-radiation.png|thumb|Figure 1: Sources and relative contribution of background radiation [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/ <nowiki>[23]</nowiki>]|right|389px|link=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/]]

Directly ionising radiation strips electrons from atoms electrostatically. Indirectly ionising radiation causes electrons to be ejected from their atom by Compton scatter and the photoelectric effect. In the former, the fraction of the photon energy transferred to an outer electron is proportional to the cosine of the scatter angle. In the latter, all the photon energy is transferred to an inner electron. An electron must acquire an energy greater than its binding energy to be ejected [1].
The common sources of background radiation are given in Figure 1. The average exposure per year, per individual, is ≈2.4 mSv, which is equivalent to a fatal cancer risk of 0.012% for individuals aged between 30-60 [2,3]

== Terminology in nuclear medicine ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; max-width: 500px; margin-left: 1em;"
!Radiation
!LET (keV/μm)
|-
| 1.25 MeV Co60 γ-ray [5] || 0.25
|-
| 250 kVp x-rays [6] || 2
|-
| 10 MeV proton [6] || 5.7
|-
| 20 keV β-particle [7] || 10
|-
| 1 keV electrons [6] || 12.3
|-
| 5 MeV neutron [7] || 20
|-
| 5 MeV α particle [7] || 50
|-
!colspan="2"|Table 2: Linear energy transfer for a range of radiation types and energies. Alpha particles have the highest LET, and hence are most potent when inside the body, due to their low velocity and high mass.
|}

Linear energy transfer (LET) describes how much energy (keV) a radiation-beam transfers to its surroundings per metre (Table 2). The LET of radiation increases with charge and mass, and decreases with kinetic energy [1]. The higher the LET, the more biologically potent the radiation. The LET for particulate radiation increases as it loses energy whilst traversing a medium [4].

Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is the ratio of the dose of radiation of type x, Rx required to produce the same biological effect as a reference dose RR which is normally a high-energy x-ray beam (250 kVp) or a gamma-ray from Cobalt-60

RBE=Rx/RR for a given effect

RBE increases with LET until a critical point of ≈100 keV/μm. The overkill region arises because the increasing dose has no further biological effect [1].

The RBE of radiation may vary depending on its subcellular distribution: for example, when situated outside the cell, Auger electrons have an RBE of ≈1; this value increases ≈10-fold, however, when localised within the nucleus [8].
 
== Radiation Units ==

{| class="wikitable" style = "float: right;"
|-
!Radiation type
!Radiation weighting factor
|-
|X-rays
|1
|-
|Gamma-rays
|1
|-
|Electrons
|1
|-
|Positrons
|1
|-
|Protons > 2 MeV
|2
|-
|Alpha particles
|20
|}

The '''radiation-absorbed dose''' is the total energy absorbed by tissue. It is given in '''rad''' or '''Gray (Gy)''', 0.01 Gy = 1 rad. The '''equivalent dose''' is the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor, WR and is given in roentgen-Equivalent-Man (rem) or Sievert (Sv), 0.01 Sv = 1 rem. The '''effective''' dose, E (Eq-1) is the sum of the tissue-weighted equivalent dose, WT multiplied by the equivalent dose, HT for all tissue types, T. It arises because the same equivalent dose of radiation has different biological effects on different tissues [1].
E=∑T(HT×WT) Eq-1 

== Biological Effects ==

The biological effects of ionising radiation are caused by the secondary electrons from an ionisation event, not the primary radiation beam [9]. These electrons deposit energy within tissues causing molecular damage and the formation of toxic chemical species. Although ionisation and free-radical production occur on a sub-second time scale, biological effects may take years to manifest. [10].

Free radicals such as hydroxyl (OH•) and hydrogen (H•) form when radiation interacts with water. Secondary and tertiary molecules including (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are then produced, and interact with endogenous nitrogen molecules such as nitric oxide (NO•) to produce reactive nitrogen species including nitrogen dioxide (NO2•) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). These molecules may cause DNA damage, protein oxidation or lipid damage [2].

Biological effects are classified as stochastic or deterministic. Stochastic effects are probabilistic: the likelihood of them developing increases with radiation dose. They are primarily caused by low-radiation doses and have no lower-bound threshold. Deterministic effects are dose-dependent: the severity of the biological effects increases with radiation dose; they have a lower-bound threshold and are primarily caused by high-dose radiation [1,11].

== Biological Range ==

Radiation type Range in tissue
Auger electrons 0.02-10 μm [12]
Alpha 10-100 μm [13]
Beta few mm-few cm [14]
Gamma Many cm [14]
X-ray
Neutron
Table 3 - Range of radiation in tissue
Radiation with a large mass, high charge and/or low energy have the shortest range.
Different types of radiation have different ranges in tissue (Table 3). Short-range radiation is used therapeutically to target localised lesions as it transfers its’ energy to surrounding cells more effectively than long-range radiation. Long-range radiation is used in medical imaging. Short-range radiation is more biologically potent.

== Direct and Indirect Biological Effects ==

Direct effects, following ionisation or atomic excitation, include the breakage of molecular bonds of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or proteins, molecular degradation and intermolecular cross-linking. They occur within a picosecond of radiation exposure and are typically induced by high-LET radiation [2,15]. Indirect effects, due to low-LET radiation, occur over a longer period and are mediated by free radicals and reactive oxygen or nitrogen species [15]. The majority of DNA damage occurs due to indirect effects because water, the source of free radicals, contributes 70% of cellular composition [11]. However, direct DNA damage is more potent because radiation with a high-LET can induce multi-strand breaks [16]. Indirect effects may occur at a distance from the initial radiation site. In addition to DNA strand-breakages, base losses or changes also occur.
Non-irradiated cells may express radiation-induced biological effects secondary to the release of signals from directly-irradiated cells in their vicinity. This is termed the bystander effect and is distinct from the abscopal effect in which tumour cells distant from the primary radiation-site diminish in size. The latter is thought to be mediated by the immune system [17].
Although the number of DNA lesions is large for a given radiation dose (1000 single-strand breaks and 40 double-strand breaks per Gy [10]), the number of cell fatalities is low: most radiation-induced DNA changes are detected and repaired by enzymes. Persistent mutations can cause genetic and somatic effects, as well as cell death The consequence of an un-repaired mutation will depend, in part, on the biological function of the affected gene [10].

== Cellular Radiosensitivity ==

The radiosensitivity of a cell depends on several factors. First undifferentiated cells (those lacking a specific physiological role) are more radiosensitive than differentiated ones as the former give rise to the latter (Figure 2). Second, the stage of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2 and M): cells are least radiosensitive during the DNA replication (S-)phase because a large number of DNA repair molecules are present, and most radiosensitive during the (M)mitotic-stage. Third is the size of the nucleus: cells with larger nuclei are more radiosensitive. Fourth is the rate of the cell-cycle: cells that replicate more frequently are more radiosensitive as radiation-induced DNA damage is more likely to persist [11,18].

On a subcellular level, different organelles have different radiosensitivities: for example, both the cell membrane and nucleus are more radiosensitive than the cytoplasm [9,19].

The effect of radiation on cells can be visualised on a cell-survival curve, which plots the proportion of cells that survive at a particular absorbed dose of radiation (Figure 3).

The steepness of Figure 3b will increase in response to several factors including an elevated local cellular oxygen concentrations (as oxygen stabilises free radicals, prolonging their half-life) and radiation with a higher LET. The oxygen-enhancement ratio (OER) is the ratio of the radiation dose required to produce a particular biological effect in hypoxic cells, CH and oxygenated cells, CO; OER = CH/CO. Its value is ≈3 for low-LET radiation and ≈1 for high-LET radiation [10].

== Chronic and Acute Effects ==

Biological effects may be acute or chronic. Chronic effects arise following multiple low-dose radiation exposure events, primarily in slowly proliferating cells. The effects can be stochastic or deterministic and may manifest genetically (in future generations) or somatically (e.g: teratogenesis, reduced life expectancy); examples of deterministic effects along with their associated threshold-doses are given in Table 4. Stochastic effects include germ-cell mutations, and cancer: the likelihood of developing leukaemia or a solid cancer per 100 mSv is 1% [20].
Biological effect Chronic exposure Total accumulated exposure threshold
Permanent sterility 2-5 rad/week 250-300 rad
Cataract ¬--------- 400 rad (over 2 months)
Radiation dermatitis 1-2 rad/day 2000 rad
Table 4 – Deterministic effects following a chronic exposure to radiation. For the effects to manifest, the accumulated dose over time must be, at least, equal to the threshold value given in the far-right column

Data is obtained from: [1]

Acute effects arise shortly after exposure to a high radiation dose, primarily in rapidly proliferating cells, and include erythema, conjunctivitis and acute radiation sickness (ARS). Table 5 gives the acute radiation dose required to produce several different biological effects. ARS has a natural history that is divided into 4 stages (Fig.10). In the prodromal stage, non-specific symptoms such as nausea and vomiting arise. The latent phase may last several weeks. Haemopoetic symptoms such as prolonged coagulation time and a dampened immune response arise at 250-500 rad. Gastrointestinal effects including gut ulceration and loss of intestinal villi occur at 500-1000 rad. Neurovascular symptoms include motor- and sensory-dysfunction, and reduced levels of consciousness develop at 5000-10,000 rad. Mild symptoms of ARS include fatigue, loss of appetite and sweating [11,21]. Figure 4 illustrates the consequences of, and relationship between the different components of ARS.

Chronic exposures, per unit of radiation, are less biologically significant than acute exposures as the body is capable of repairing any damage incurred between exposure events [22].

Biological effect Acute threshold radiation dose
Generalised erythema (skin reddening) 200-600 rad
Temporary hair loss 300-600 rad
Temporary sterility 50 rad
Permanent sterility 200-1000 rad (this effect is age dependent)
Cataract formation 200-700 rad
Vomiting 2 hours post-exposure 100-400 rad
Diarrhoea 1 hour post-exposure 600-800 rad
Headache 4 hours post-exposure 600-800 rad
Fever 1 hour post-exposure 400-600 rad
Table 5 – The threshold acute radiation doses for a variety of biological effects.
The biological effects highlighted in blue arise during the prodromal stage of ARS following an acute radiation threshold dose given in the right-hand column

Data is obtained from: [1]

== References ==

# Bushberg JT, Seibert JA, Leidholdt EM, Boone JM. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
# Reisz JA, Bansal N, Qian J, Zhao W, Furdui CM. Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules--mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014;21:260–92.
# ICRP. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103. Ann ICRP 2007;37:1–332.
# Laney T, Kooy H. Proton and Charged Particle Radiotherapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
# V C on the BE of IRB, Sciences C on L, Studies D on E and L, Council NR. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation:: BEIR V. National Academies; 1990.
# International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation Biology: A Handbook for Teachers and Students. IAEA; 2010.
# Dendy PP, Heaton B. Physics for Diagnostic Radiology, Third Edition. CRC Press; 1999.
# Howell RW, Narra VR, Sastry KS, Rao D V. On the equivalent dose for Auger electron emitters. Radiat Res 1993;134:71–8.
# Mayles P, Nahum A, Rosenwald J. Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics: Theory and Practice. vol. 8. CRC Press; 2007.
# Bailey D, Humm J, Todd-Pokropek A, Van-Aswegen A. Nuclear Medicine Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency; 2014.
# Saha GB. Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2006.
# Welch MJ, Redvanly CS. Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals: Radiochemistry and Applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2003.
# Hoskin PJ. Radiotherapy in Practice - Radioisotope Therapy. OUP Oxford; 2007.
# Australian Government - Department of Health. Ionising Radiation and Human Health 2012. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-radiological-toc~ohp-radiological-05-ionising (accessed November 22, 2015).
# Desouky O, Ding N, Zhou G. Targeted and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 2015;8:247–54.
# Powsner RA, Powsner ER. Essential Nuclear Medicine Physics. John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
# Multhoff G, Pockley A, Gaipl U, Rodel F. Radiation-induced effects and the immune system. Frontiers E-books; 2013.
# Bergonié J, Tribondeau L. Interpretation of Some Results of Radiotherapy and an Attempt at Determining a Logical Technique of Treatment / De Quelques Resultats de la Radiotherapie et Essai de Fixation d’une Technique Rationnelle. Radiat Res 1959;11:587–8.
# Pouget J-P, Santoro L, Raymond L, Chouin N, Bardiès M, Bascoul-Mollevi C, et al. Cell membrane is a more sensitive target than cytoplasm to dense ionization produced by auger electrons. Radiat Res 2008;170:192–200.
# Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionising radiation. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation:: BEIR VII Phase 2. National Academies Press; 2006.
# Campeau F, Fleitz J. Limited Radiography. Cengage Learning; 2009.
# Langland OE, Langlais RP, Preece JW. Principles of Dental Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
# World Nuclear Organisation. Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects 2015. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/ (accessed November 14, 2015).